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Olive oil or lard?: Distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Steele, Valerie J., Stern, Ben, Stott, Andy W.·2010·Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
DOI 10.1002/rcm.4790
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Abstract

Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as β‐sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short‐chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats. Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis of δ 13 C 18:0 and δ 13 C 16:0 , carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non‐ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C 18:1 is abundant, δ 13 C 18:1 and δ 13 C 16:0 are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where δ 13 C 18:0 and δ 13 C 16:0 are measured, as C 18:0 and C 18:1 are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values. Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C 18:0 to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against δ 13 C 16:0 . The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non‐ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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  • Several extracts have Δ13C values that are also consistent with C3 plant oils.

    “As indicated by Fig 6b, several extracts have Δ 13C values that are also consistent with C3 plant oils [116]”

    From Identifying pastoral and plant products in local and imported pottery in Early Bronze Age southeastern Arabia (2025) · cites this paper as [116]

  • A large proportion of the fatty acid δ13C values from the analysed vessels (at least 20/51, 39%) fall within ranges observed for modern C3 plant sources and overlap with modern references for ruminant adipose and non-ruminant fats.

    “Despite the minimal molecular evidence for plant products, a large proportion of the fatty acid δ13C values from the analysed vessels (at least 20/51, 39%) fall within ranges observed for modern C3 plant sources and overlap with modern references for ruminant adipose and non-ruminant fats [116] (Fig 6b).”

    From Identifying pastoral and plant products in local and imported pottery in Early Bronze Age southeastern Arabia (2025) · cites this paper as [116]

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Metadata

Authors
Steele, V. J., Stern, B., & Stott, A. W.
Venue
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2010-11-05
Volume
24
Issue
23
Pages
3478-3484
ISSN
  • 0951-4198
  • 1097-0231
DOI
10.1002/rcm.4790
Cited by
76
References
0
Language
en
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)

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