Identifying pastoral and plant products in local and imported pottery in Early Bronze Age southeastern Arabia

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A range of C4 plants such as xeromorphic shrub and grasslands, halophytic sand grasses, and sedges, are found in the region in different environmental zones, including inland deserts, coastal saline flats and wadis, often along with C3 shrubs and vegetation.

“However, a range of C4 plants such as xeromorphic shrub and grasslands, halophytic sand grasses, and sedges, are found in the region in different environmental zones, including inland deserts, coastal saline flats and wadis, often along with C3 shrubs and vegetation [144].”

• cites [144] A Rudov, 2020, A review of C4 plants in Southwest Asia: an ecological, geographical and taxonomical analysis of a region with high diversity of C4 eudicots, Front Plant Sci sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Animal fat is an important resource in arid contexts, particularly in times of food stress, and animal milk and blood are vital in pastoralist communities in other parts of the world.

“As a highly concentrated source of energy, animal fat is an important resource in arid contexts, particularly in times of food stress [151,156], and animal milk and blood are vital in pastoralist communities in other parts of the world [157].”

• cites [151] S Cleuziou, 2009, Extracting wealth from a land of starvation by creating social complexity: a dialogue between archaeology and climate?, Comptes Rendus Géosci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [156] J Speth, 1990, Seasonality, resource stress, and food sharing in so-called “egalitarian” foraging societies, J Anthropol Archaeol sourceSupported
• cites [157] KM Grillo, 2014, Pastoralism and pottery use: an ethnoarchaeological study in Samburu, Kenya, Afr Archaeol Rev sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Of the remaining extracts, only one had a clear odd-over-even profile, while six had odd-chain n-alkanes only, and four had no clear distributions.

“Of the remaining, only one extract had a clear odd-over-even profile, while six had odd-chain n-alkanes only, and four had no clear distributions.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The results reveal the presence of pastoral products, such as meat and dairy products, in some of the earliest vessels produced in southeastern Arabia, as well as imported Mesopotamian vessels.

“The results reveal the presence of pastoral products, such as meat and dairy products, in some of the earliest vessels produced in southeastern Arabia, as well as imported Mesopotamian vessels.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Docosenoic acid (C22:1) is present in nearly half the vessels (21/145; 14.2% more than docosanoic acid, C22:0).

“Furthermore, the presence of docosenoic acid (C22:1) in nearly half the vessels (in some instances 21/145; 14.2%, more than docosanoic acid, C22:0)”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Indus BSJs from Hili 8 (HIA802 and HIA1064) had unsaturated fatty acids, octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), unsaturated TAGs and stigmasterol in the solvent extracts, as well as octadecadienoic acid (C18:2) and higher concentrations of octadecenoic acid (C18:1) over octadecanoic acid (C18:0) in the acid extracts.

“The Indus BSJs from Hili 8 (HIA802 and HIA1064) had unsaturated fatty acids, octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), unsaturated TAGs and stigmasterol in the solvent extracts, as well as octadecadienoic acid (C18:2) and higher concentrations of octadecenoic acid (C18:1) over octadecanoic acid (C18:0) in the acid extracts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Peaks of unsaturated fatty acids such as hexadecenoic acid (C16:1), octadecanoic acid (C18:1), docosenoic (C22:1)(126/147; 85.7%) and in some instances, eicosenoic acid (C20:1)(6/147, 4.1%) were detected in vessels, as were α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (63/147, 42.8%).

“Peaks of unsaturated fatty acids such as hexadecenoic acid (C16:1), octadecanoic acid (C18:1), docosenoic (C22:1)(126/147; 85.7%) and in some instances, eicosenoic acid (C20:1)(6/147, 4.1%) were also detected in vessels, as were α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (63/147, 42.8%).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Phthalates were found in varying amounts in the samples, with relatively higher concentrations in extracts from Hili 8, Hili North Tomb A and Suwayh 3.

“Phthalates were found in varying amounts in the samples, in relatively higher concentrations in extracts from Hili 8, Hili North Tomb A and Suwayh 3.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Other lipid classes detected include aliphatic lipids such as n-alkanes in very low abundances in 15 extracts (15/147, 10%), of which four had distributions indicative of petroleum-derived n-alkanes.

“Other lipid classes detected include aliphatic lipids such as n-alkanes in very low abundances in 15 extracts (15/147, 10%), of which four had distributions indicative of petroleum-derived n-alkanes [117].”

• cites [117] HL Whelton, 2021, A call for caution in the analysis of lipids and other small biomolecules from archaeological contexts, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

A suite of different lipid classes was detected, the most abundant of which were n-alkanoic acids, ranging from C12:0 to C18:0, dominated by tetradecanoic acid (C14:0), hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), and octadecanoic acid (C18:0).

“A suite of different lipid classes was detected, the most abundant of which were n-alkanoic acids, ranging from C12:0 to C18:0, dominated by tetradecanoic acid (C14:0), hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), and octadecanoic acid (C18:0).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The average lipid concentration for all sites was 200 μg g-1 but the median value was 49.8 μg g-1.

“The average lipid concentration for all sites was 200 μg g-1 but the median value was 49.8 μg g-1 (Table 3; Fig 3a).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

α,ω-dicarboxylic acids are present in several extracts (63/147, 42.8%), mainly C9 (azelaic acid).

“Additionally, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids are present in several extracts (63/147, 42.8%), mainly C9 (azelaic acid),”

The quote only partly states this claim.

No presence of charring or sooting clouds indicating vessel heating over a fire were identified on any of the vessel fragments.

“Of the Sandy wares, vessel forms represented mostly included jars, pots and globular jars (n = 68), likely used for domestic activities, but crucially, no presence of charring or sooting clouds indicating vessel heating over a fire were identified on any of the vessel fragments, which would support their use as cooking pots.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Homosalate, a component in sunscreen, was detected in two extracts.

“Other contaminants, such as homosalate, a component in sunscreen, were detected in two extracts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Potsherds from Hili 8 and Hili North Tomb A had relatively high lipid concentrations compared to all other sites, while potsherds from Mukhtru exhibited poor lipid yields with only 7/21 potsherds (29%) yielding lipid concentrations above the interpretable range (above 5 μg g-1).

“For example, potsherds from Hili 8 and Hili North Tomb A had relatively high lipid concentrations compared to all other sites, while potsherds from Mukhtru exhibited poor lipid yields with only 7/21 potsherds (29%) yielding lipid concentrations above the interpretable range (above 5 μg g-1) (Table 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

SLT47, a locally-produced Red Sandy Jar from Salūt-ST1, had an odd-over-even n-alkane distribution maximizing at C29, with ACL of 27.7 and Carbon Preference Index (CPI) of 1.3.

“From Salūt-ST1, SLT47, a locally-produced Red Sandy Jar had an odd-over-even n-alkane distribution maximizing at C29, with ACL of 27.7 and Carbon Preference Index (CPI) [136] of 1.3.”

• cites [136] AF Diefendorf, 2011, Production of n-alkyl lipids in living plants and implications for the geologic past, Geochim Cosmochim Acta sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The molecular evidence suggests that the source of most of the extracts was animal fats, and isotopic results indicate the presence of ruminant adipose fats (18/48, 35%) and dairy products (9/48; 22%).

“The molecular evidence suggests that the source of most of the extracts was animal fats, and isotopic results indicate the presence of ruminant adipose fats, for example, from cattle, goat/sheep, or wild ruminants such as dromedary camels, gazelle and ibex (18/48, 35%) and dairy products (9/48; 22%).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Vessels originating from Mesopotamia have varying δ13C values, indicating the presence of ruminant adipose fats (HIA02), or ruminant dairy products (HIA14).

“Vessels originating from Mesopotamia have varying δ13C values, indicating the presence of ruminant adipose fats (HIA02), or ruminant dairy products (HIA14),”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Four extracts from Salūt-ST1, specifically three Indus BSJ fragments (SLT01, SLT74 and SLT79) and a Sandy Red Ware pot (SLT22), had high abundances of tetradecanoic acid (C14:0) relative to other fatty acids, but lacked other plant biomarkers.

“Four extracts from Salūt-ST1, specifically three Indus BSJ fragments (SLT01, SLT74 and SLT79) and a Sandy Red Ware pot (SLT22), had high abundances of tetradecanoic acid (C14:0) relative to other fatty acids [23], but lacked other plant biomarkers.”

• cites [23] A Suryanarayan, 2024, Domestic food practice and vessel‐use at Salūt‐ST1, central Oman, during the Umm an‐Nar period, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The FR-OM vessel from Hili North Tomb A had higher concentrations of octadecenoic acid (C18:1) over octadecanoic acid (C18:0), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1), octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), hydroxy acids and a P/S ratio of 5.3.

“Similarly, the FR-OM vessel from Hili North Tomb A had higher concentrations of octadecenoic acid (C18:1) over octadecanoic acid (C18:0), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1), octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), hydroxy acids and a P/S ratio of 5.3,”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ruminant carcass fats are also found in a range of different vessel forms, although the use of wild ruminants for meat cannot be excluded.

“Similarly, ruminant carcass fats are also found in a range of different vessel forms, although the use of wild ruminants for meat cannot be excluded.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The δ13C16:0 values obtained from lipid extracts suggest a mixed input of C3 and C4 plants in the diet of ruminant animals, agreeing with previous enamel isotopic results.

“The δ13C16:0 values obtained from lipid extracts suggest a mixed input of C3 and C4 plants in the diet of ruminant animals, agreeing with previous enamel isotopic results.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Other evidence of dairy products in vessels exists from both Salūt-ST1 and Mukhtru during the Middle Umm an-Nar period, but it is not yet attested at Bat (Settlement Slope contexts).

“Other evidence of dairy products in vessels exists from both Salūt-ST1 and Mukhtru during the Middle Umm an-Nar period, but it is not yet attested at Bat (Settlement Slope contexts).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In SLT53 and SLT54, the LCFAs did not occur with their fatty alcohol counterparts, but odd-chain LCFAs were present.

“These did not occur with their fatty alcohol counterparts, but odd-chain LCFAs were present,”

It may state two separate claims as one.

HIA123AE has a Paq value of 0.33, consistent with emergent macrophytes or plants that grow in shallow water.

“and in the case of HIA123AE, its Paq value [137] is 0.33, consistent with emergent macrophytes or plants that grow in shallow water [137].”

• cites [137] KJ Ficken, 2000, An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes, Org Geochem sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

At Mukhtru the samples with evidence for dairy products constitute the majority of analysed samples, and at Salūt-ST1 they comprise a smaller percentage, although they are detected in different vessel types, in locally-produced Sandy Red Omani pots, a Fine Red Omani jar, and an Indus BSJ.

“At Mukhtru the samples with evidence for dairy products constitute the majority of analysed samples, and at Salūt-ST1 they comprise a smaller percentage, although they are detected in different vessel types, in locally-produced Sandy Red Omani pots, a Fine Red Omani jar, and an Indus BSJ (Fig 6b).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Extracts with odd-chain n-alkanes typical of plant waxes were reported from a small number of Sandy Red Hili vessels from Hili 8, and unusual lipid profiles were reported from Indus Black-Slipped Jar fragments from Salūt-ST1, as well as Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1, Hili 8 and Kalba 4.

“Extracts with odd-chain n-alkanes typical of plant waxes were reported from a small number of Sandy Red Hili vessels from Hili 8, and unusual lipid profiles were reported from Indus Black-Slipped Jar fragments from Salūt-ST1, as well as Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1, Hili 8 and Kalba 4.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The most secure evidence for plant oils was detected in two Black-Slipped Jar vessels from Hili 8, a Fine Red Omani necked vessel from Hili North Tomb A, and other plant products in two Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1.

“The most secure evidence for plant oils was detected in two Black-Slipped Jar vessels from Hili 8 [22], a Fine Red Omani necked vessel from Hili North Tomb A, and other plant products in two Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1 [23].”

• cites [22] A Suryanarayan, 2022, Foodstuffs and organic products in ancient SE arabia: preliminary results of ceramic lipid residue analysis of vessels from Hili 8 and Hili North Tomb A, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [23] A Suryanarayan, 2024, Domestic food practice and vessel‐use at Salūt‐ST1, central Oman, during the Umm an‐Nar period, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The imported Mesopotamian vessels analysed in this study indicate relatively high lipid concentrations and the presence of varied animal fats, including dairy products, ruminant adipose fats, and marine products.

“The imported Mesopotamian vessels analysed in this study indicate relatively high lipid concentrations and the presence of varied animal fats, including dairy products, ruminant adipose fats, and marine products.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Lipid profiles from the Fine Red Ware vessels from Kalba 4 suggest the presence of degraded animal fats, but their fatty acid δ13C values fall in-between ranges of ruminant adipose fats and non-ruminant fats and within those of plant oils, evading clear interpretation.

“While lipid profiles from the Fine Red Ware vessels suggest the presence of degraded animal fats, their fatty acid δ13C values fall in-between ranges of ruminant adipose fats and non-ruminant fats and within those of plant oils, evading clear interpretation (see Section 5.2).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From Suwayh 3, only 5 of 17 vessels (4 local Sandy Red Omani vessels and one Mesopotamian vessel) were considered for detailed interpretation; these vessels had lipid profiles typical of degraded terrestrial animal fats, but their fatty acid isotopic values were not obtained.

“From Suwayh 3, only 5 of 17 vessels (4 local Sandy Red Omani vessels and one Mesopotamian vessel) were considered for detailed interpretation; these vessels had lipid profiles typical of degraded terrestrial animal fats, but their fatty acid isotopic values were not obtained.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Lipid extracts provide evidence of the use of plant products in a small proportion of vessels (3.4%) from the studied assemblage, with fourteen other extracts (9.5%) with unusual profiles, but not unequivocal evidence for plants.

“Lipid extracts provide evidence of the use of plant products in a small proportion of vessels (3.4%) from the studied assemblage, with fourteen other extracts (9.5%) with unusual profiles, but not unequivocal evidence for plants.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From Kalba 4, of the 10 vessel fragments analysed, only three were Fine Red Ware vessels, and the rest were Indus Black-Slipped Jar fragments.

“Similarly, from Kalba 4, of the 10 vessel fragments analysed, only three were Fine Red Ware vessels, and the rest were Indus Black-Slipped Jar fragments (Fig 7).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Locally-produced vessels from the same period at Hili 8 have evidence of dairy products and ruminant carcass fats with evidence of mixed C3 and C4 plant input.

“In contrast, locally-produced vessels from the same period at Hili 8 have evidence of dairy products and ruminant carcass fats with evidence of mixed C3 and C4 plant input (Fig 5).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Both the Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1 with strong molecular evidence for plant products (SLT53 and SLT54) have δ13C values that fall within reference ranges of ruminant adipose fats and ruminant adipose/non-ruminant fats, respectively.

“For example, both the Fine Red Omani vessels from Salūt-ST1 with strong molecular evidence for plant products (SLT53 and SLT54) have δ13C values that fall within reference ranges of ruminant adipose fats and ruminant adipose/non-ruminant fats, respectively (S4 File).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

A large proportion of the fatty acid δ13C values from the analysed vessels (at least 20/51, 39%) fall within ranges observed for modern C3 plant sources and overlap with modern references for ruminant adipose and non-ruminant fats.

“Despite the minimal molecular evidence for plant products, a large proportion of the fatty acid δ13C values from the analysed vessels (at least 20/51, 39%) fall within ranges observed for modern C3 plant sources and overlap with modern references for ruminant adipose and non-ruminant fats [116] (Fig 6b).”

• cites [116] VJ Steele, 2010, Olive oil or lard?: distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Phthalates are relatively common in archaeological pottery and are related to vessel contact with plastic bags.

“Such compounds are relatively common in archaeological pottery and are related to vessel contact with plastic bags [117].”

• cites [117] HL Whelton, 2021, A call for caution in the analysis of lipids and other small biomolecules from archaeological contexts, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Fatty acid δ13C values of modern references fats from the study region are not yet available.

“Fatty acid δ13C values of modern references fats from the study region are not yet available.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Lipids from all the potsherds were extracted via methanolic sulphuric acid extraction alongside process blanks according to established protocols.

“Lipids from all the potsherds (n = 179) were extracted via methanolic sulphuric acid extraction alongside process blanks according to established protocols [104,105], but with minor modifications.”

• cites [104] OE Craig, 2013, Earliest evidence for the use of pottery, Nature sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [105] M Correa-Ascencio, 2014, High throughput screening of organic residues in archaeological potsherds using direct acidified methanol extraction, Anal Methods sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Docosenoic acid (C22:1) can be present as a laboratory contaminant.

“However, others have suggested this compound can be present as a laboratory contaminant [e.g., 124]”

• cites [e.g., 124]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

At Hili 8, the animal economy was made of nearly 90% of domestic fauna throughout its occupation, and cattle contributed around 60% of these remains, while small ruminants such as sheep and goats provided the rest.

“For example, at Hili 8, the animal economy was made of nearly 90% of domestic fauna throughout its occupation, and cattle contributed around 60% of these remains, while small ruminants such sheep and goats provided the rest [28].”

• cites [28] M Uerpmann, 2008, Animal economy during the Early Bronze Age in south-east Arabia. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Umm an-Nar period is characterised by growth of sedentary settlements, changes in funerary practices, adoption of oasis agriculture, and expansion of long-distance exchange networks.

“This period is characterised by many social changes, including the growth of sedentary settlements [10], changes in funerary practices[11], the adoption of oasis agriculture [12], and the expansion of long-distance exchange networks between regions around the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea [13,14].”

• cites [10] NS Al‐Jahwari, 2009, The agricultural basis of Umm an‐Nar society in the northern Oman peninsula (2500–2000 BC), Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [11] K Frifelt, 1991Not checked yet
• cites [12] M. Tengberg, 2003, Archaeobotany in the Oman Peninsula and the role of Eastern Arabia in the spread of African Crops.Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Such differences are possibly linked to degree of vessel porosity and vessel usage.

“Such differences are possibly linked to degree of vessel porosity and vessel usage.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The external surfaces of potsherds were removed with a modelling drill to exclude any exogenous lipids, as per established protocols.

“The external surfaces of potsherds (n = 179) were removed with a modelling drill to exclude any exogenous lipids, as per established protocols [102].”

• cites [102] S Charters, 1993, Quantification and distribution of lipid in archaeological ceramics: implications for sampling potsherds for organic residue analysis and the classification of vessel use, Archaeometry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Exchange networks in the Persian Gulf region grew from c. 2600 BC onwards, and pottery vessels from Bahrain and the Indus region are found at settlements and tombs.

“In addition to imported pottery from Mesopotamia and the Indo-Iranian borderlands that was in circulation in southeastern Arabia from the early third millennium BC, exchange networks in the Persian Gulf region grew from c. 2600 BC onwards, and pottery vessels from Bahrain and the Indus region are also found at settlements and tombs [17,61–64].”

• cites [17] S Méry, 2000Not checked yet
• cites [61] S Cleuziou, 2007Not checked yet
• cites [62] DT Potts, 2012Not checked yet
• cites [63] Eddisford D. Exchange networks in southeast Arabia in the Early Bronze Age (c.3200‒2000 B.C.): an analysis of changing patterns of exchange in the Hafit and Umm an-Nar Periods. [PhD thesis]. University of Durham; 2020.Not checked yet
• cites [64] D Eddisford, 2022, Exchange networks of the Early Bronze Age Gulf: the imported ceramics from Kalba 4 (United Arab Emirates), Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The presence of docosenoic acid (C22:1) may indicate seed oils from the Brassicaceae family or marine organisms.

“may indicate evidence of seed oils from the Brassicaceae family [123,124], or also marine organisms [125].”

• cites [123] MP Colombini, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [124] L Briggs, 2023, Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, Archaeol Anthropol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [125] C Heron, 2010, Application of lipid biomarker analysis to evaluate the function of ‘slab-lined pits’ in Arctic Norway, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By the Umm an-Nar period, settlements with mudbrick constructions, many with stone or mudbrick 'towers', with associated wells, usually within wadis or alluvial plains, were found across the region indicating a wider shift toward sedentism.

“By this period, settlements with mudbrick constructions, many with stone or mudbrick ‘towers’, with associated wells, usually within wadis or alluvial plains, were found across the region indicating a wider shift toward sedentism [10,14: 98–103].”

• cites [10,14: 98–103]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There was a change in funerary practices during the Umm an-Nar period, where large communal stone tombs were built for the interment of many individuals over several generations.

“There was also a change in funerary practices, where large communal stone tombs were built for the interment of many individuals over several generations [11].”

• cites [11] K Frifelt, 1991Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim.

Extractions were conducted immediately after obtaining the pottery powder to minimize lipid loss.

“Extractions were conducted immediately after obtaining the pottery powder to minimize lipid loss [see 103].”

• cites [see 103]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Preservation of other types of bioarchaeological remains in southeastern Arabia, such as macrobotanical, faunal, and human remains, is variable, which limits information about ancient human dietary practices.

“Preservation of other types of bioarchaeological remains in southeastern Arabia, such as macrobotanical [12], faunal [27,28], and human remains [29–31] is variable, which limits information about ancient human dietary practices.”

• cites [12] M. Tengberg, 2003, Archaeobotany in the Oman Peninsula and the role of Eastern Arabia in the spread of African Crops.Not checked yet
• cites [27] M Uerpmann, 2001, Remarks on the animal economy of Tell Abraq (Emirates of Sharjah and Umm al-Qaywayn, UAE), Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked yet
• cites [28] M Uerpmann, 2008, Animal economy during the Early Bronze Age in south-east Arabia. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [29] LA Gregoricka, 2013, Residential mobility and social identity in the periphery: strontium isotope analysis of archaeological tooth enamel from southeastern Arabia, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [30] O Munoz, 2017, Transition to agriculture in South-Eastern Arabia: insights from oral conditions, Am J Phys Anthropol sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [31] S Méry, 1996, Mesopotamian pottery wares in Eastern Arabia from the 5th to the 2nd millennium BC: a contribution of archaeometry to the economic history, Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Pottery from Mesopotamia was in circulation in southeastern Arabia from the mid-sixth millennium BC, found at coastal midden sites in the UAE.

“Pottery from Mesopotamia (Ubaid period, c. 5000−4500 BC, Periods 2 and 2/3;) was in circulation in southeastern Arabia from the mid-sixth millennium BC, found at coastal midden sites in the UAE [33–35].”

• cites [33] S Méry, 2013, Neolithic material cultures of Oman and the Gulf seashores from 5500–4500 BCE, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [34] RA. Carter, 2018, Globalising interactions in the Arabian Neolithic and the ‘Ubaid sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [35] MJ Beech, 2022, Neolithic settlement patterns and subsistence strategies on Marawah Island, Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates, Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Hafit-period communities in southeastern Arabia appear to not have used fired pottery in domestic settings despite being in contact with ceramic-producing groups and having knowledge of complex pyrotechnologies.

“Hafit-period communities in southeastern Arabia appear to not have used fired pottery in domestic settings despite being in contact with ceramic-producing groups and having knowledge of complex pyrotechnologies utilised in copper production and softstone bead production [15,20].”

• cites [15] VM Azzarà, 2018, The Hafit settlement of HD-6 at Ra’s al-Hadd.Not checked yet
• cites [20] CP Thornton, 2016, Typological and chronological consideration of the ceramics at Bat, Oman. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Early locally-produced pottery in southeastern Arabia appears to be influenced by ceramic technologies from the Indo-Iranian borderlands.

“Early locally-produced pottery in southeastern Arabia appears to be influenced by ceramic technologies from the Indo-Iranian borderlands [15–20].”

• cites [15] VM Azzarà, 2018, The Hafit settlement of HD-6 at Ra’s al-Hadd.Not checked yet
• cites [16] S Mery, 1991, Origine et production des récipients de terre cuite dans la péninsule d’Oman à l’Âge du Bronze, Paléorient sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [17] S Méry, 2000Not checked yet
• cites [18] S Méry, 2013, The first oases in Eastern Arabia: Society and craft technology, in the 3rd millennium BC at Hili, United Arab Emirates, Rev Ethnoécologie sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [19] DT Potts, 2005, In the beginning: Marhashi and the origins of Magan’s ceramic industry in the third millennium BC, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] CP Thornton, 2016, Typological and chronological consideration of the ceramics at Bat, Oman. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As most of the pottery studied was from older excavations, it was not possible to study sediment samples originally surrounding the pottery as controls.

“As most of the pottery studied was from older excavations, it was not possible to study sediment samples originally surrounding the pottery as controls.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Black-Slipped Jars are large transport vessels, likely linked to the movement of a specific commodity from the Indus region.

“One of the most extensively studied Indus-related artefacts found at sites in the Oman peninsula are Black-Slipped Jars (Fig 2), which are large transport vessels, likely linked to the movement of a specific commodity from the Indus region [82–84].”

• cites [82] S Méry, 1996, Black-jars of Meluhha: production and diffusion of Indus pottery ware during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, Harappan StudNot checked yet
• cites [83] S Mery, 1999, Harappa et Mohenjo-Daro : deux zones de production de jarres à engobe noir au Pakistan à la Période Indus, Paléorient sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [84] S Méry, 2004, Socio-economic patterns of a ceramic container: the Harappan Black Slipped Jar.Not checked yet

It may state two separate claims as one.

Dicarboxylic acids occur in both animal, plant and aquatic products, and cannot be confidently traced to their precursor unsaturated fatty acid, so they are not particularly diagnostic.

“As dicarboxylic acids occur in both animal, plant and aquatic products, and cannot be confidently traced to their precursor unsaturated fatty acid [120–122], such compounds are not particularly diagnostic.”

• cites [120] JA Rodríguez-Sánchez, 2009, The effect of seasonality of the growing-finishing period on carcass, meat and fat characteristics of heavy barrows and gilts, Meat Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [121] D Tejerina, 2012, Study of variability in antioxidant composition and fatty acids profile of Longissimus dorsi and Serratus ventralis muscles from Iberian pigs reared in two different Montanera seasons, Meat Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [122] MS Copley, 2005, Gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable carbon isotopic investigations of organic residues of plant oils and animal fats employed as illuminants in archaeological lamps from Egypt, Analyst sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Lipids such as fats, oils, and waxes have relatively high potential for preservation in archaeological contexts, and provide a means to directly identify the contents of ancient vessels.

“Lipids such as fats, oils, and waxes have relatively high potential for preservation in archaeological contexts, and provide a means to directly identify the contents of ancient vessels [24–26].”

• cites [24] RP Evershed, 2008, Organic residue analysis in archaeology: the archaeological biomarker revolution*, Archaeometry sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [25] M Roffet-Salque, 2017, From the inside out: upscaling organic residue analyses of archaeological ceramics, J Archaeol Sci Rep sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [26] LJE Cramp, 2023, Lipids in archaeology. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A finer variety of homogenously produced, red-slipped black-painted ware was distributed at tombs and settlements across southeastern Arabia.

“A finer variety of homogenously produced, red-slipped black-painted ware was distributed at tombs and settlements across southeastern Arabia [17], referred to as ‘regional pottery’ in this paper.”

• cites [17] S Méry, 2000Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Texts from the Sargonic and Ur III periods mention commodities entering Mesopotamia from Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha, including copper, tin, stone, semi-precious stones, as well as organic products.

“Texts from the Sargonic and Ur III periods (c. 2300–2000 BC) mention commodities entering Mesopotamia from toponyms referred to as ‘Dilmun’ (eastern Saudi Arabia/Bahrain), ‘Magan’ (southeastern Arabia and southeastern Iran), and ‘Meluhha’ (the Indus region), including copper, tin, stone, semi-precious stones, as well as organic products [67–69].”

• cites [67] J Oates, 1977, Seafaring merchants of Ur?, Antiquity sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [68] S Ratnagar, 2004Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [69] HEW Crawford, 1973, Mesopotamia’s invisible exports in the third millennium B.C, World Archaeol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Isotopic analysis of human teeth from EBA sites have δ13C values indicative of a mixed C3-C4/marine diet, with an exception of Umm an-Nar Island, which shows a more marine-based diet.

“Isotopic analysis of human teeth from EBA sites have δ13C values indicative of a mixed C3-C4/marine diet, with an exception of a single site, Umm an-Nar Island, off the coast of the UAE, which shows a more marine-based diet [60].”

• cites [60] LA Gregoricka, 2013, Geographic origins and dietary transitions during the Bronze Age in the Oman Peninsula, Am J Phys Anthropol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The high abundances of octadecanoic acid (C18:0) in the extracts may suggest the mixing of other components in these vessels.

“the high abundances of octadecanoic acid (C18:0) in the extracts may also suggest the mixing of other components in these vessels, making a clear interpretation challenging.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Other types of container or basket technologies likely existed as part of alimentary practices in prehistoric southeastern Arabia, such as the production of containers or baskets using date palm fronds or animal skins and intestines, but archaeological evidence for them has not survived.

“Other types of container or basket technologies likely existed as part of alimentary practices in prehistoric southeastern Arabia, such as the production of containers or baskets using date palm fronds [151] or animal skins and intestines, but archaeological evidence for them has not survived.”

• cites [151] S Cleuziou, 2009, Extracting wealth from a land of starvation by creating social complexity: a dialogue between archaeology and climate?, Comptes Rendus Géosci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The results provide insight into the contents of domestic pottery as it was adopted during the Umm an-Nar period, highlighting the importance of re-situating pottery foremost as containers with use-life involved as part of everyday alimentary practices.

“The results provide insight into the contents of domestic pottery as it was adopted during the Umm an-Nar period, highlighting the importance of re-situating pottery foremost as containers with use-life [146] involved as part of everyday alimentary practices [147], and beyond.”

• cites [146] MJ Shott, 1996, Mortal pots: on use life and vessel size in the formation of ceramic assemblages, Am antiq sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [147] P Bourdieu, 1977 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Such results are similar to those obtained in the Indus region, but not in other arid regions of the world, perhaps pointing at shared dairying foodways amongst connected groups.

“Such results are similar to those obtained in the Indus region [154], but not in other arid regions of the world [e.g., 113,155], perhaps pointing at shared dairying foodways amongst connected groups.”

• cites [154] A Suryanarayan, 2021, Lipid residues in pottery from the Indus Civilisation in northwest India, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [e.g., 113,155]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Pottery technology in southeastern Arabia was adopted at a relatively fast pace during the early-mid third millennium BC, within the context of other pyrotechnologies, such as metalworking, as well as the movement of imported pottery and possibly craftspeople from the Indo-Iranian region and Mesopotamia.

“Pottery technology in southeastern Arabia was adopted at a relatively fast pace during the early-mid third millennium BC, within the context of other pyrotechnologies, such as metalworking, as well as the movement of imported pottery and possibly craftspeople from the Indo-Iranian region and Mesopotamia [16–20,150].”

• cites [16] S Mery, 1991, Origine et production des récipients de terre cuite dans la péninsule d’Oman à l’Âge du Bronze, Paléorient sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [17] S Méry, 2000Not checked yet
• cites [18] S Méry, 2013, The first oases in Eastern Arabia: Society and craft technology, in the 3rd millennium BC at Hili, United Arab Emirates, Rev Ethnoécologie sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [19] DT Potts, 2005, In the beginning: Marhashi and the origins of Magan’s ceramic industry in the third millennium BC, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] CP Thornton, 2016, Typological and chronological consideration of the ceramics at Bat, Oman. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [150] VM Azzarà, 2009, Domestic architecture at the early bronze age sites HD–6 and RJ–2, Ja’alān, Sultanate of Oman, Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Palm kernel oils are considered an important resource in the region.

“which is considered an important resource in region [12]”

• cites [12] M. Tengberg, 2003, Archaeobotany in the Oman Peninsula and the role of Eastern Arabia in the spread of African Crops.Not checked yet

It may state two separate claims as one.

Stable carbon isotopic analyses of faunal teeth from other Umm an-Nar sites in the UAE suggest that browsers such as sheep/goat had a predominantly C3 plant diet, while grazers such as cattle had a mixed C3-C4 plant diet, with some wild ruminants in coastal regions indicating a high C4 diet.

“Stable carbon isotopic analyses of faunal teeth from other Umm an-Nar sites in the UAE suggest that browsers such as sheep/goat had a predominantly C3 plant diet, while grazers such as cattle had a mixed C3-C4 plant diet, with some wild ruminants in coastal regions indicating a high C4 diet [60].”

• cites [60] LA Gregoricka, 2013, Geographic origins and dietary transitions during the Bronze Age in the Oman Peninsula, Am J Phys Anthropol sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

LCFAs originate in leaf or stem epicuticular waxes and are also reported on the surface of plant leaves, sheaths, stems and fruits, seed oils, seed coats, flowers, bark and husks.

“As LCFAs originate in leaf or stem epicuticular waxes and are also reported on the surface of plant leaves, sheaths, stems and fruits, seed oils, seed coats, flowers, bark and husks,”

• cites [129] PE Kolattukudy, 1976, Biochemistry of plant waxes.Not checked yet
• cites [130] AP. Tulloch, 1976, Chemistry of waxes of higher plants.Not checked yet
• cites [131] G. Bianchi, 1995, Plant waxes.Not checked yet
• cites [132] J Dunne, 2016, Earliest direct evidence of plant processing in prehistoric Saharan pottery, Nat Plants sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These C4 plants serve as important sources for pasture and grazing in the region even today.

“These plants serve as important sources for pasture and grazing in the region even today [145].”

• cites [145] SA Ghazanfar, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

High concentrations of docasanoic acid have been reported in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).

“High concentrations of docasanoic acid have been reported in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) [127,128]”

• cites [127] J Dunne, 2022, Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis, Archaeol Anthropol Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [128] GA Antova, 2014, Proximate and lipid composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cultivated in Bulgaria, J Food Compos Anal sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Based on the results of this study, it may be postulated that the successful adoption of domestic pottery was linked to its 'fittingness' with already established container technology used in an incipient agrarian society, as well as a long-established Arabian lifeway of pastoralism, which encompassed a broad range of animal husbandry practices that potentially included mobility and some amount of

“Based on the results of this study, it may be postulated that the successful adoption of domestic pottery was linked to its ‘fittingness’ with already established container technology used in an incipient agrarian society, as well as a long-established Arabian lifeway of pastoralism, which encompassed a broad range of animal husbandry practices that potentially included mobility and some amount of”

• cites [e.g., 152,153]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Lake sediment sequences from Ra's al-Khaimah, UAE indicate that by the sixth millennium BC, the area was dominated by mixed C3-C4 vegetation, with an increase in C4 grassland from 2500 BC, peaking at 2100 BC with an intense phase of aridity.

“Lake sediment sequences from Ra’s al-Khaimah, UAE indicate that by the sixth millennium BC, the area was dominated by mixed C3-C4 vegetation, with an increase in C4 grassland from 2500 BC, peaking at 2100 BC with an intense phase of aridity [141,142].”

• cites [141] AG Parker, 2006, A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia, Quat res sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [142] 2008, Parker A, Goudie A. Geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental investigations in the southeastern Arabian Gulf region and the implication for the archaeology of the region, Geomorphology sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The detection of ruminant meat, dairy, non-ruminant fats, plant products and their mixtures in vessels demonstrates the use of natural resources in ceramics, as well as vessel-usage and culinary practice.

“The detection of ruminant meat, dairy, non-ruminant fats, plant products and their mixtures in vessels demonstrates the use of natural resources in ceramics, as well as vessel-usage and culinary practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Additions from marine products can also be detected through δ13C values, although mixing with terrestrial fats can mask these signals.

“Additions from marine products can also be detected through δ13C values, although mixing with terrestrial fats can mask these signals [140].”

• cites [140] LJE Cramp, 2014, Reconstructing aquatic resource exploitation in human prehistory using lipid biomarkers and stable isotopes. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Octadecenoic acid is present in not only plant oils, but also animal fats, is susceptible to oxidisation and thermal degradation and may be a sign of contamination.

“As it has been noted that octadecenoic acid is present in not only plant oils, but also animal fats, is susceptible to oxidisation and thermal degradation and may be a sign of contamination [117]”

• cites [117] HL Whelton, 2021, A call for caution in the analysis of lipids and other small biomolecules from archaeological contexts, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

During the Hafit period (Period I), a majority of the domestic fauna (80%) were slaughtered before they reached the age of four years, which points to their main use as a source of meat, particularly for cattle and sheep.

“During the Hafit period (Period I), a majority of the domestic fauna (80%) were slaughtered before they reached the age of four years, which points to their main use as a source of meat, particularly for cattle and sheep [28: 480].”

• cites [28: 480]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The kill-off pattern for goats suggests that about half of them lived beyond 36 months and nearly 20% lived longer than four years, suggesting their use for secondary products such as dairying and wool production.

“In contrast, the kill-off pattern for goats suggests that about half of them lived beyond 36 months and nearly 20% lived longer than four years, suggesting their use for secondary products such as dairying and wool production [28: 480].”

• cites [28: 480]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Distributions of n-alkanes maximizing at C25 are unusual and characteristic of submerged and floating aquatic plants.

“Distributions of n-alkanes maximizing at C25 are unusual, characteristic of submerged and floating aquatic plants [132,137]”

• cites [132] J Dunne, 2016, Earliest direct evidence of plant processing in prehistoric Saharan pottery, Nat Plants sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [137] KJ Ficken, 2000, An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes, Org Geochem sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Odd-chain LCFAs have previously been reported in West African archaeological Nok pottery.

“which have previously been reported in West African archaeological Nok pottery [127].”

• cites [127] J Dunne, 2022, Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis, Archaeol Anthropol Sci sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The adoption of new technologies or innovations are linked to specific social needs that they may fulfil, their 'fittingess', and pre-existing technologies that contribute to their development.

“The adoption of new technologies or innovations are linked to specific social needs that they may fulfil [148], their ‘fittingess’, i.e., how new technologies work within broader interconnections between people and things [149], and pre-existing technologies that contribute to their development [4,148].”

• cites [148] W Arthur, 2009Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [149] I Hodder, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] K Gibbs, 2015, Pottery invention and innovation in East Asia and the Near East, CAJ sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The presence of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Hili 8 has been called into question on morphological grounds.

“the presence of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), although reportedly found at Hili 8 [46], has been called into question on morphological grounds [e.g., 12: 235, 48, 143].”

• cites [46] S Cleuziou, 1980, Premiers éléments sur l’agriculture protohistorique de l’Arabie orientale, Paléorient sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [e.g., 12: 235, 48, 143]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It is possible that dodecanoic acid (C12:0) was preferentially leached from the vessel compared to longer-chained compounds.

“While it is possible that dodecanoic acid (C12:0) was preferentially leached from the vessel compared to longer-chained compounds,”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The range of δ13C16:0 values indicate that animals from which these fats were derived subsisted on forage composed of C3 and C4 plants (A10, A11), or mainly of C4 plants or marine vegetation such as seaweed (e.g., A02 and A14).

“The range of δ13C16:0 values indicate that animals from which these fats were derived subsisted on forage composed of C3 and C4 plants (A10, A11), or mainly of C4 plants or marine vegetation such as seaweed (e.g., A02 and A14).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The site of Hili 8 provides some of the earliest evidence of imported and locally-produced pottery in southeastern Arabia, with a small assemblage of Mesopotamian vessels and locally-produced black-on-red pottery found during Period I, i.e., the Hafit and Early Umm an Nar period (c. 3200−2800 BC).

“The site of Hili 8 provides some of the earliest evidence of imported and locally-produced pottery in southeastern Arabia, with a small assemblage of Mesopotamian vessels and locally-produced black-on-red pottery found during Period I, i.e., the Hafit and Early Umm an Nar period (c. 3200−2800 BC) [40].”

• cites [40] S Cleuziou, 1989, Excavations at Hili 8: a preliminary report on the 4th to 7th campaigns, Archaeol UAENot checked yet

It may state two separate claims as one.

The ephemeral evidence of plants in the lipid extracts is likely caused by a number of factors, including that plant products contain considerably less lipids than animal products, and that plant and aquatic products with high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids quickly degrade to resemble profiles of terrestrial animal fats, creating an inflated picture of the animal-based component of

“The ephemeral evidence of plants in the lipid extracts is likely caused by a number of factors, including the fact that plant products contain considerably less lipids than animal products; as well as the fact that plant and aquatic products with high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids quickly degrade to resemble profiles of terrestrial animal fats; creating an inflated picture of the”

• cites [161] EA Reber, 2006, Ancient vegetarians? Absorbed pottery residue analysis of diet in the late woodland and emergent mississippian periods of the mississippi valley, Southeastern ArchaeolNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [162] R Vykukal, 2024, ‘Old food, new methods’: recent developments in lipid analysis for ancient foodstuffs, TrAC Trends Anal Chem sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The results of this study provide the first direct evidence of the contents of Indus BSJs at different sites, dating primarily to the Umm an-Nar period, with one vessel from Hili 8 dating to the Wadi Suq period (Hili 8 Period III).

“The results of this study provide the first direct evidence of the contents of Indus BSJs at different sites, dating primarily to the Umm an-Nar period, with one vessel from Hili 8 dating to the Wadi Suq period (Hili 8 Period III).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

This may suggest that pottery might have had specific uses at Suwayh 3.

“which may suggest that pottery might have had specific uses at the site,”

It may state two separate claims as one.

'Aromatic lard' is another product mentioned as an export in Mesopotamian texts in reference to sea-based expeditions, suggesting that some of the animal fats detected in the vessels may indeed have a non-local source.

“‘Aromatic lard’ is another product mentioned as an export in Mesopotamian texts in reference to sea-based expeditions [70: 83], suggesting that some of the animal fats detected in the vessels may indeed have a non-local source.”

• cites [70: 83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

It is plausible that the gathering of fruits, seeds, shoots, leaves and tubers from numerous wild species along with cereal consumption would have been a part of food practices, and the lipid results likely provide insight into the use of plants that rarely survive in the macrobotanical record in southeastern Arabia.

“It is plausible that the gathering of fruits, seeds, shoots, leaves and tubers from numerous wild species along with cereal consumption would have been a part of food practices, and the lipid results likely provide insight into the use of plants that rarely survive in the macrobotanical record in southeastern Arabia.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A link between the presence of plant products and Fine Red Omani vessels (n = 7) may be suggested.

“A link between the presence of plant products and Fine Red Omani vessels (n = 7) may be suggested;”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In Oman, traditional food practices dictate that meat is only consumed on special occasions, however, preserves of animal fat and protein are prepared for use for longer periods of time.

“In Oman, it has been observed that traditional food practices dictate that meat is only consumed on special occasions, however, preserves of animal fat and protein are prepared for use for longer periods of time [158].”

• cites [158] AT ElMahi, 1998, Traditional methods of food preservation in Oman: a view to the past, Proc Semin Arab StudNot checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The use of equids or other non-ruminants as part of dietary practices cannot be ruled out.

“However, the use of equids or other non-ruminants as part of dietary practices cannot be ruled out [23].”

• cites [23] A Suryanarayan, 2024, Domestic food practice and vessel‐use at Salūt‐ST1, central Oman, during the Umm an‐Nar period, Arab Archaeol Epigr sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The minimal presence of non-ruminants in the faunal record from inland sites in southeast Arabia and absence of modern reference data adds further complexity to the interpretation.

“The minimal presence of non-ruminants in the faunal record from inland sites in southeast Arabia [28] and absence of modern reference data adds further complexity to the interpretation.”

• cites [28] M Uerpmann, 2008, Animal economy during the Early Bronze Age in south-east Arabia. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The lipid content of plant-based products is at least tenfold lower than animal-based products, leading to potentially biased results.

“However, the lipid content of plant-based products is at least tenfold lower than animal-based products, leading to potentially biased results [163].”

• cites [163] S Hammann, 2018, Towards the detection of dietary cereal processing through absorbed lipid biomarkers in archaeological pottery, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The detection of cereal-derived compounds via lipid residue analysis is challenging due to the exceptional conditions required for their survival, thus it is not possible to be confident of their presence or absence in the studied vessels.

“Unfortunately, the detection of cereal-derived compounds via lipid residue analysis is challenging due to the exceptional conditions required for their survival [163], thus it is not possible to be confident of their presence or absence in the studied vessels.”

• cites [163] S Hammann, 2018, Towards the detection of dietary cereal processing through absorbed lipid biomarkers in archaeological pottery, J Archaeol Sci sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The presence of grinding stones in settlement contexts also suggests the processing of plants for consumption.

“The presence of grinding stones in settlement contexts also suggests the processing of plants for consumption [e.g., 100].”

• cites [e.g., 100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

High lipid yields in the small sample of imported Mesopotamian pottery may be linked to sustained use of high fat-yielding products, and the diversity of resources detected in them is intriguing, possibly indicating the arrival of different products from afar.

“High lipid yields in the small sample of imported Mesopotamian pottery may be linked to sustained use of high fat-yielding products [164], and the diversity of resources detected in them is intriguing, possibly indicating the arrival of different products from afar.”

• cites [164] KM Grillo, 2020, Molecular and isotopic evidence for milk, meat, and plants in prehistoric eastern African herder food systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

It is possible that these δ13C values represent the mixing of different resources (plant and/or animal), and it is difficult to attribute a single source to these extracts.

“It is possible they represent the mixing of different resources (plant and/or animal)[e.g., 160], and it is difficult to attribute a single source to these extracts.”

• cites [e.g., 160]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.