The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum
Open accessAbstract
Two very different models of product innovation are postulated and tested. The conservative model assumes that innovation is performed reluctantly, mainly in response to serious challenges. It therefore predicts that innovation will correlate positively with environmental, information processing, structural and decision making variables that represent, or help to recognize and cope with these challenges. In contrast, the entrepreneurial model supposes that innovation is always aggressively pursued and will be very high unless decision makers are warned to slow down. Thus negative correlations are predicted between innovation and the variables that can provide such warning. Correlational and curvilinear regression analyses revealed that each model was supported by conservative and entrepreneurial sub‐samples, respectively, in a diverse sample of 52 Canadian firms.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although we do not claim to have a random sample, 'the broad representation of types and sizes of businesses, ..., [suggests that] these ... findings should have a high degree of generality' (Miller and Friesen, 1982, p.7).”
From Entrepreneurial orientation and the franchise system (2013) · cites this paper as Miller and Friesen, 1982
Citations
Cites
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
Day, R. H., Cyert, R. M., March, J. G., Clarkson, Cohen, Feigenbaum, D., Greenberg, Moore, Soelberg, Starbuck, et al. (1964) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913056 · Cited by 8,023
Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., Meyer, A. D., & Coleman, H. J. (1978) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/257544 · Cited by 7,487
A Behavioral Theory of the FirmPreprint
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 6,490
Designing Complex Organizations
Galbraith, J. R. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,424
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967) · Cited by 5,206
Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice
Child, J. (1972) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803857200600101 · Cited by 4,790
The Concept of Corporate Strategy
Iverson, T., & Andrews, K. R. (1987) · Public Productivity Review · doi:10.2307/3380432 · Cited by 4,091
Strategy-Making in Three Modes
Mintzberg, H. (1973) · California Management Review · doi:10.2307/41164491 · Cited by 1,660
Measuring and Assessing Organizations.
Price, J. L., de Ven, A. H. V., & Ferry, D. L. (1981) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392488 · Cited by 1,642
Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process
Tushman, M. L. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392402 · Cited by 1,496
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Ansoff H. Igor, 1965, Corporate Strategy
- Burns Tom, 1961, The Management of Innovation
- Collins Orvis, 1970, The Organization Makers
- Downs Anthony, 1966, Inside Bureaucracy
- Rogers Everett M., 1971, Communication of Innovations: A Cultural Approach
- Zaltman Gerald, 1973, Innovations and Organizations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Jarrar, N. S., & SMITH, M. C. (2013) · The British Accounting Review · doi:10.1016/j.bar.2013.07.001 · Cited by 33
Networking, entrepreneurship and productivity in universities
Maritz, A. (2010) · Innovation · doi:10.5172/impp.12.1.18 · Cited by 33
Nabila, S., Ambad, A., & Wahab, K. A. (2013) · Cited by 33
Does the organizational climate predict the innovation in sports clubs?
Escamilla-Fajardo, P., Pomar, J. M. N., & Camacho, D. P. (2019) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy · doi:10.1108/jepp-03-2019-104 · Cited by 33
Morris, M. H., Marks, A. S., Allen, J. A., & Peery, N. S. (1996) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/bf00412052 · Cited by 33
Tolstoy, D. (2012) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242612456571 · Cited by 32
Internal corporate venture planning autonomy, strategic evolution, and venture performance
Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Bolinger, M. T. (2019) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00220-2 · Cited by 32
Nonprofit Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Context of Cross‐Sector Collaboration
Al‐Tabbaa, O., Ciulli, F., & Kolk, A. (2021) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12492 · Cited by 32
Broccia, S., Dias, Á., & Pereira, L. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11120537 · Cited by 32
Improving Performance in U.S. State Governments
Kim, Y. (2010) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.2753/pmr1530-9576340106 · Cited by 33
Strategy-making for innovation management and the development of corporate universities
Rhéaume, L., & Gardoni, M. (2015) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) · doi:10.1007/s12008-015-0291-2 · Cited by 32
New product strategy, structure, and performance in two environments
Dröge, C., & Calantone, R. J. (1996) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(96)00064-8 · Cited by 32
Zhao, F. M. (2014) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-01-2013-0004 · Cited by 32
Lee, T., & Chu, W. (2013) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2013.33 · Cited by 32
Meeus, M. T. H., Oerlemans, L. A. G., & Hage, J. T. (2004) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/1366271042000289342 · Cited by 32
Methodological Approaches to Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Suggestions for the Future
Davidsson, P. (2005) · Small Enterprise Research · doi:10.5172/ser.13.1.1 · Cited by 32
Understanding SME heterogeneity
Raes, S. (2021) · OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers · doi:10.1787/c7074049-en · Cited by 32
Antecedents and Outcomes of Innovation-Oriented Cultures
Tienne, D. D., & Mallette, P. (2012) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n18p1 · Cited by 31
Entrepreneurial orientation and competitive advantage: The mediation of resource value and rareness
Lee, T. K., & Chu, W. (2011) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT · doi:10.5897/ajbm11.1179 · Cited by 31
Collins, J. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2017) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242616658507 · Cited by 32
Innovativeness in the context of technological and market dynamism
Rodrigo‐Alarcón, J., Villaverde, P. M. G., Parra‐Requena, G., & Ruiz‐Ortega, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-04-2016-0068 · Cited by 31
Entrepreneurial Orientation in Family Firms: Looking at a European Outermost Region
Pimentel, D., Couto, J. P. A., & Scholten, M. (2017) · Journal of Enterprising Culture · doi:10.1142/s0218495817500169 · Cited by 31
Peña, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-021-00152-w · Cited by 31
Explaining management accounting practices and strategy in Thailand
Nimtrakoon, S., & Tayles, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jaee-02-2013-0012 · Cited by 31
Organizational entrepreneurship and the organizational performance linkage in university extension
Fox, J. M. (2005) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 31
A resource‐based taxonomy of manufacturing MSMEs
Andersén, J. (2012) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/13552551211201394 · Cited by 31
Corporate entrepreneurship and small firms growth
Ferreira, J. J. (2010) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business · doi:10.1504/ijesb.2010.033574 · Cited by 31
The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and commitment to objectives on performance
Simon, M., Stachel, C., & Covin, J. G. (2011) · New England journal of entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/neje-14-02-2011-b001 · Cited by 31
The Entrepreneurial Orientation of Micro Enterprises in the Retail Sector in South Africa
Fatoki, O. (2014) · Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology · doi:10.1080/09766634.2014.11885616 · Cited by 30
Jusoh, R., Yahya, Y., Zainuddin, S., & Asiaei, K. (2021) · Meditari Accountancy Research · doi:10.1108/medar-02-2021-1203 · Cited by 30
Sköld, M., & Karlsson, C. (2013) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12064 · Cited by 30
Ghura, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1177/2393957517711306 · Cited by 30
Khattak, M. S., & Ullah, R. (2021) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3331 · Cited by 30
A Contingency Model of HRM-Strategy. Empirical Research Findings Reconsidered
Ackermann, K. (1987) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-00805-8_6 · Cited by 30
Goosen, C. J., Coning, T. J. D., & Smit, E. V. D. M. (2002) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v33i3.704 · Cited by 30
Zeng, X., Zhang, N., Chen, L., & Zhang, W. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032190 · Cited by 29
Ambidextrous leadership, entrepreneurial orientation and job crafting
Tuấn, L. T., Dinh, K. C., & Qian, D. (2019) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/ebr-06-2015-0061 · Cited by 29
Kruja, A. D. (2020) · Central European Business Review · doi:10.18267/j.cebr.229 · Cited by 29
Estrada-Cruz, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, N., Jover, A. J. V., & Gómez-Gras, J. M. (2020) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00670-1 · Cited by 29
Nazari, F., Anaraki, A. R., Taghavi, S. S., & Ghasemi, B. (2020) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-03-2020-0147 · Cited by 29
Abdulsamad, A., Ali, N. A., Mahomed, A. S. B., Hashim, H. B., Jandab, A., & Al-Sharif, A. M. (2020) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.712.9289 · Cited by 29
Mostafiz, M. I., Ahmed, F. U., & Hughes, P. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-02-2022-0206 · Cited by 29
Antecedents and outcomes of new product development speed
Menon, A., & Lukas, B. A. (2004) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560410511195 · Cited by 29
Orientação empreendedora: um estudo sobre as conseqüências do empreendedorismo nas organizações
Fernandes, D. V. D. H., & Santos, C. P. D. (2008) · RAE eletrônica · doi:10.1590/s1676-56482008000100007 · Cited by 29
Ritala, P., Henttonen, K., Salojärvi, H., Sainio, L., & Saarenketo, S. (2013) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjom-apr-2012-0019 · Cited by 29
Centralization and innovation performance in an emerging economy: testing the moderating effects
Zhi, Y., Zhou, X., & Zhang, P. (2014) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-014-9394-8 · Cited by 29
Achcaoucaou, F., Matamoros, P. M., & Darder, F. L. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.019 · Cited by 29
Yoon, J., & Solomon, G. T. (2017) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-017-0448-5 · Cited by 32
Factors Associated with the Employment of Non-Executive Directors by Unquoted Companies
Westhead, P. (1999) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1023/a:1009978912278 · Cited by 29
Oser, C. B., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.12.016 · Cited by 29
Millet, P. (2005) · DiVA (Luleå University of Technology) · Cited by 29
Zwinność strategiczna przedsiębiorstw
Sajdak, M. (2019) · doi:10.18559/978-83-66199-32-3 · Cited by 30
A resource-based view on entrepreneurship and innovation
Shum, P., & Lin, G. C. I. (2010) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management · doi:10.1504/ijeim.2010.031901 · Cited by 28
Fam, K., & Yang, Z. (2005) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.03.010 · Cited by 28
Choi, Y. R., & Phan, P. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2014.2310633 · Cited by 28
Proactiveness, Innovativeness and Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Capability
Bature, S. W., Sallehuddin, R. M., Rosli, N. A. M., & Saad, S. M. (2018) · Academy of strategic management journal/Academy of Strategic Management journal · Cited by 28
Levers of Control and Managerial Performance: The Importance of Belief Systems
Hermawan, A. A., Bachtiar, E., Wicaksono, P. T., & Sari, N. P. (2021) · Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business · doi:10.22146/gamaijb.62612 · Cited by 28
Shirokova, G., Galieva, N., Doktorova, D., White, J. V., & Marino, L. (2022) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-10-2022-0409 · Cited by 28
Apparel import intermediaries' secrets to success
Dyer, B., & Ha‐Brookshire, J. (2008) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/13612020810857943 · Cited by 28
Entrepreneurship and SMEs in London (UK)
Ekwulugo, F. (2006) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710610637972 · Cited by 28
Idar, R., Yusoff, Y. B., & Mahmood, R. (2012) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00322-x · Cited by 28
A historical investigation of the strategic process within family firms
Kreiser, P. M., Ojala, J., Lamberg, J., & Melander, A. (2006) · Journal of Management History · doi:10.1108/13552520610638300 · Cited by 28
Powerful and Free: Intraorganizational Power and the Dynamics of Corporate Strategy
Mitsuhashi, H., & Greve, H. R. (2004) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/1476127004042841 · Cited by 28
Othman, A. A., Rahman, S. A., Sundram, V. P. K., & Bhatti, M. A. (2015) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-02-2014-0030 · Cited by 28
The impact of organizational structure on management innovation: an empirical research in Turkey
Kalay, F. (2016) · Pressacademia · doi:10.17261/pressacademia.2016116656 · Cited by 28
The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures
Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258718783430 · Cited by 28
Gupta, V. K., & Dutta, D. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73528-3_8 · Cited by 28
Unified diversity in top‐level teams
Michie, S. G., Dooley, R. S., & Fryxell, G. E. (2006) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/10553180610742764 · Cited by 28
Wiklund, J., Dimov, D., Katz, J. E., & Shepherd, D. (2006) · Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth · doi:10.1016/s1074-7540(2006)9 · Cited by 24
Outsourcing of Accounting Tasks in SMEs: An extended TCE ModelPreprint
Economie, F. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 28
Nguyen, P.-H., Nguyen, L.-A. T., Nguyen, T.-H. T., & Vu, T.-G. (2024) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100328 · Cited by 27
Adomako, S., Medase, S. K., & Zhang, S. X. (2024) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2024.105061 · Cited by 31
Hass, B. H. (2011) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2011.11073518 · Cited by 27
Doorn, S. V., Tretbar, T., Reimer, M., & Heyden, M. L. M. (2020) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2020.101998 · Cited by 27
Improvisation as Responsible Innovation in Organizations
Gojny-Zbierowska, M., & Zbierowski, P. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13041597 · Cited by 27
Entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance of social enterprises in an emerging economy
Oduro, S. (2022) · Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/jrme-02-2021-0023 · Cited by 27
Lin, W. B. (2005) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2005.09.036 · Cited by 27
An Empirical Study of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Hospitality Companies
Li, L., Tse, E. C., & Zhao, J.-L. (2009) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480903088196 · Cited by 27
Configurations of external SME characteristics to explain differences in innovation performance
Pullen, A. J. J., de Weerd-Nederhof, P. C., Groen, A. J., & Fisscher, O. A. M. (2008) · High Technology Small Firms Conference and Doctoral Workshop (HTSF) · doi:10.3990/2.268488737 · Cited by 27
Razak, R. A., Abidin, Z., & Badak, G. (2011) · Cited by 27
IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON STRATEGIC ALLIANCES AND THE ROLE OF TOP MANAGEMENT
de Oliveira, A. B., Borini, F. M., Bernardes, R. C., & de Oliveira, M. J. (2016) · Revista de Administração de Empresas · doi:10.1590/s0034-759020160305 · Cited by 27
Women entrepreneurial orientation, motivation, and organizational performance in Ghana
Adams, S., Quagrainie, F. A., & Klobodu, E. K. M. (2017) · Small Enterprise Research · doi:10.1080/13215906.2017.1339631 · Cited by 27
Smith, B., & Jambulingam, T. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-07-2017-0038 · Cited by 27
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT FRAUD: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Saksena, P. N. (2001) · International Journal of Commerce and Management · doi:10.1108/eb047418 · Cited by 27
Entrepreneurial orientation in small and medium-sized enterprises during economic crisis
Soininen, J. (2013) · Cited by 26
Transnational innovation networks aren’t all created equal: towards a classification system
Walshok, M. L., Shapiro, J. D., & Owens, N. (2012) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-012-9293-4 · Cited by 26
da Silva, M. Z., & Fernandes, F. C. (2019) · Gestão & Produção · doi:10.1590/0104-530x2315-19 · Cited by 26
Yu, M., Wang, G. G., Zheng, X., & Shi, W. (2020) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2020.1718525 · Cited by 29
Uusitalo, P., & Lavikka, R. H. (2020) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings10030045 · Cited by 28
Gomezel, A. S., & Aleksić, D. (2020) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2020.12280 · Cited by 26
Why do firms form R&D cooperation: a resource dependence perspective
Wang, X. (2020) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2020.1832210 · Cited by 26
A dynamic relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial activity
Chowdhury, F., & Audretsch, D. B. (2021) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-021-00300-z · Cited by 27
Awan, M. A. A., & Jehanzeb, K. (2022) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2021-0197 · Cited by 26
Šlogar, H., Milovanović, B. M., & Hrvatin, S. (2023) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci13020026 · Cited by 26
Exploring the entrepreneurship-performance relationship: evidence from Greek SMEs
Theriou, G. N., & Chatzoudes, D. (2015) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-03-2013-0024 · Cited by 26
From corporate social responsibility, through entrepreneurial orientation, to knowledge sharing
Tuấn, L. T. (2015) · The Learning Organization · doi:10.1108/tlo-09-2014-0052 · Cited by 26
Entrepreneurially oriented in what? A business model approach to entrepreneurship
Andersén, J., Ljungkvist, T., & Svensson, L. (2015) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-11-2013-0170 · Cited by 26
Urban, B. (2008) · Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1142/s108494670800106x · Cited by 26
Nonfinancial Factors as Predictors of Value Creation: Finnish Evidence
Laitinen, E. K. (2004) · Review of Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1108/eb043409 · Cited by 26
Toward a Psychology of Entrepreneurship — An Action Theory Perspective
Frese, M. (2009) · Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1561/0300000028 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H.
- Affiliations
- HEC Montréal (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- ORCID
- Miller, Danny
- Venue
- Strategic Management Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1982-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 0143-2095 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0266
- OpenAlex
- W1968725802
- Cited by
- 2,758
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 30.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- Strategic Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Firm Innovation and Growth
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Innovation
- Keywords
- product innovation, entrepreneurial firms, innovation models, environmental uncertainty, information processing, organizational structure, decision-making, curvilinear relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review