The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum
Open accessAbstract
Two very different models of product innovation are postulated and tested. The conservative model assumes that innovation is performed reluctantly, mainly in response to serious challenges. It therefore predicts that innovation will correlate positively with environmental, information processing, structural and decision making variables that represent, or help to recognize and cope with these challenges. In contrast, the entrepreneurial model supposes that innovation is always aggressively pursued and will be very high unless decision makers are warned to slow down. Thus negative correlations are predicted between innovation and the variables that can provide such warning. Correlational and curvilinear regression analyses revealed that each model was supported by conservative and entrepreneurial sub‐samples, respectively, in a diverse sample of 52 Canadian firms.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although we do not claim to have a random sample, 'the broad representation of types and sizes of businesses, ..., [suggests that] these ... findings should have a high degree of generality' (Miller and Friesen, 1982, p.7).”
From Entrepreneurial orientation and the franchise system (2013) · cites this paper as Miller and Friesen, 1982
Citations
Cites
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
Day, R. H., Cyert, R. M., March, J. G., Clarkson, Cohen, Feigenbaum, D., Greenberg, Moore, Soelberg, Starbuck, et al. (1964) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913056 · Cited by 8,023
Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., Meyer, A. D., & Coleman, H. J. (1978) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/257544 · Cited by 7,487
A Behavioral Theory of the FirmPreprint
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 6,490
Designing Complex Organizations
Galbraith, J. R. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,424
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967) · Cited by 5,206
Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice
Child, J. (1972) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803857200600101 · Cited by 4,790
The Concept of Corporate Strategy
Iverson, T., & Andrews, K. R. (1987) · Public Productivity Review · doi:10.2307/3380432 · Cited by 4,091
Strategy-Making in Three Modes
Mintzberg, H. (1973) · California Management Review · doi:10.2307/41164491 · Cited by 1,660
Measuring and Assessing Organizations.
Price, J. L., de Ven, A. H. V., & Ferry, D. L. (1981) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392488 · Cited by 1,642
Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process
Tushman, M. L. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392402 · Cited by 1,496
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Ansoff H. Igor, 1965, Corporate Strategy
- Burns Tom, 1961, The Management of Innovation
- Collins Orvis, 1970, The Organization Makers
- Downs Anthony, 1966, Inside Bureaucracy
- Rogers Everett M., 1971, Communication of Innovations: A Cultural Approach
- Zaltman Gerald, 1973, Innovations and Organizations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Ströbl, A., Bauer, F., & Matzler, K. (2018) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2018.03.002 · Cited by 93
Entrepreneurial leadership and business performance
Paudel, S. (2019) · South Asian Journal of Business Studies · doi:10.1108/sajbs-11-2018-0136 · Cited by 90
Wincent, J. (2005) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/14626000510612330 · Cited by 90
Wales, W. J., Wiklund, J., & McKelvie, A. (2013) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242613506023 · Cited by 90
Corporate entrepreneurship: A strategic and structural perspective
Ferreira, J. J. (2001) · New England journal of entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/neje-04-02-2001-b006 · Cited by 90
Strategic Influences of Technological Innovation in Greece
Souitaris, V. (2001) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00190 · Cited by 90
Internet of things capability and alliance
Yu, X., Nguyen, B., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2014-0265 · Cited by 90
Environmental dynamism, innovation, and dynamic capabilities: the case of China
Jiao, H., Alon, I., & Cui, Y. (2011) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/17506201111131550 · Cited by 89
Catalyzing social innovation: is entrepreneurial bricolage always good?
Kickul, J. R., Griffiths, M. D., Bacq, S. C., & Garud, N. (2018) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2017.1413771 · Cited by 89
Irwin, K., Landay, K., Aaron, J. R., McDowell, W. C., Marino, L., & Geho, P. R. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.05.016 · Cited by 89
Fultz, A. E. F., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106121 · Cited by 89
Top Management Team Risk Taking Propensities and Firm Performance: Direct and Moderating Effects
Gilley, M., Walters, B. A., & Olson, B. J. (1970) · Journal of Business Strategies · doi:10.54155/jbs.19.2.95-114 · Cited by 89
A review of contemporary innovation literature: A Schumpeterian perspective
Tzeng, C.-H. (2009) · Innovation · doi:10.5172/impp.11.3.373 · Cited by 88
Exploring the links between entrepreneurial orientation and intrapreneurship in SMEs
Bouchard, V., & Basso, O. (2011) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/14626001111127043 · Cited by 88
STRATEGY, BUDGETING, AND CRISIS IN LATIN AMERICA
Collins, F. C., Holzmann, O. J., & Mendoza, R. (1997) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/s0361-3682(96)00050-5 · Cited by 88
Al‐Khatib, A. W., & Al-ghanem, E. M. (2021) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/ebr-02-2021-0041 · Cited by 87
Harmancioǧlu, N., McNally, R. C., Calantone, R. J., & Durmuşoğlu, S. S. (2007) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2007.00486.x · Cited by 95
Sustaining Corporate Entrepreneurship
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Goldsby, M. G. (2004) · The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation · doi:10.5367/000000004773863237 · Cited by 87
Mostafiz, M. I., Hughes, M., & Sambasivan, M. (2021) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-09-2020-0693 · Cited by 86
Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Introduction and Research Review
Kuratko, D. F. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_6 · Cited by 86
Bisbe, J., & Malagueño, R. (2015) · Accounting and Business Research · doi:10.1080/00014788.2015.1009870 · Cited by 94
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Duan, Y., & Li, M. (2007) · International Journal of Technology Management · doi:10.1504/ijtm.2008.015993 · Cited by 87
Huang, H. (2014) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0321-8 · Cited by 90
Information Use and New Product Outcomes: The Contingent Role of Strategy Type
Citrin, A. V., Lee, R. P., & McCullough, J. (2007) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00249.x · Cited by 86
Temporal Dimensions of Opportunistic Change in Technology-Based Ventures
West, G. P., & Meyer, G. D. (1998) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/104225879802200204 · Cited by 86
How Experienced Product Innovators Organize
Johne, F. A. (1984) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1016/s0737-6782(84)80002-8 · Cited by 86
Deligianni, I., Dimitratos, P., Petrou, A. P., & Aharoni, Y. (2015) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12152 · Cited by 85
Mohammad, H. I. (2019) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/jsma-07-2018-0064 · Cited by 85
Morris, M. H., & Jones, F. F. (1993) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585199300000062 · Cited by 85
Facilitators and inhibitors for the strategic use of information technology
King, W. R., & Teo, T. S. H. (1994) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/0378-7206(94)90008-6 · Cited by 85
Entrepreneurial mindset in corporate entrepreneurship: Forms, impediments, and actions for research
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & McKelvie, A. (2021) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.1907585 · Cited by 84
Entrepreneurship and new value creation : The dynamic of the entrepreneurial process
Fayolle, A. J.-C. (2007) · HAL · Cited by 83
Building an integrative model of small business growth
Wiklund, J., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2013) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9780857933614.00009 · Cited by 83
Drivers of International E-Tail Performance: The Complexities of Orientations and Resources
Colton, D. A., Roth, M. S., & Bearden, W. O. (2010) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.18.1.1 · Cited by 82
Network partner diversity, network capability, and sales growth in small firms
Parida, V., Patel, P. C., Wincent, J., & Kohtamäki, M. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.017 · Cited by 82
Profitability in market‐oriented SMEs: does product innovation matter?
Salavou, H. (2002) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/14601060210436736 · Cited by 82
Palmer, J. C., Holmes, R. M., & Perrewé, P. L. (2020) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601120905728 · Cited by 88
Yu, F.-F., Du, H., Li, X., & Cao, J. (2023) · Technological forecasting & social change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122472 · Cited by 74
Key organizational factors in data warehouse architecture selection
Ariyachandra, T. R., & Watson, H. J. (2010) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2010.02.006 · Cited by 81
SEEKING ADVICE IN A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: IMPACT ON THE SUCCESS OF SMALL FIRMS
Dyer, L., & ROSS, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1142/s1084946708000892 · Cited by 81
Fatoki, O. (2012) · Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/09718923.2012.11893058 · Cited by 81
Adomako, S., & Nguyen, N. P. (2023) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3373 · Cited by 80
Corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: The role of management
Goosen, C. J., Coning, T. J. D., & Smit, E. V. D. M. (2002) · South African Journal of Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajbm.v33i4.708 · Cited by 80
Morales, V. J. G., Matías‐Reche, F., & Jover, A. J. V. (2011) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01530.x · Cited by 80
THE BROKEN WHEEL: THE INSEPARABILITY OF AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN INNOVATION WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS
Feldman, S. P. (1989) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1989.tb00719.x · Cited by 80
Laosirihongthong, T., Prajogo, D. I., & Adebanjo, D. (2013) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2013.819593 · Cited by 79
The impact of creativity on performance in non‐profits
Barrett, H., Balloun, J. L., & Weinstein, A. T. (2005) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.25 · Cited by 79
R&D investment and financing choices: A comprehensive perspective
Wang, T. T., & Thornhill, S. (2010) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.07.004 · Cited by 79
ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY, THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION OF BUSINESS VENTURES AND PERFORMANCE
Yusuf, A. (2002) · International Journal of Commerce and Management · doi:10.1108/eb047454 · Cited by 79
Antecedents and trajectories of AMT adoption: The case of Greek manufacturing SMEs
Spanos, Y. E., & Voudouris, I. (2008) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.09.006 · Cited by 79
Gupta, V. K., & Wales, W. J. (2017) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0971355716677389 · Cited by 79
Franchise Partnership and International Expansion: A Conceptual Framework and Research Propositions
Grewal, D., Iyer, G. R., Javalgi, R. (. G., & Radulovich, L. (2011) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00444.x · Cited by 78
dos Santos, I. L., & Marinho, S. V. (2018) · Innovation & Management Review · doi:10.1108/inmr-04-2018-008 · Cited by 78
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and orientation for SME development
Eniola, A. A. (2020) · Small Enterprise Research · doi:10.1080/13215906.2020.1752295 · Cited by 78
Al‐Swidi, A. K. (2012) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT · doi:10.5897/ajbm11.2016 · Cited by 78
Boards of Directors and Entrepreneurial Posture in Medium-size Companies
Gabrielsson, J. (2007) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242607080657 · Cited by 77
The Psychology of Innovative Entrepreneurship
Wärneryd, K. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7791-5_11 · Cited by 78
Adler, R. W. (2011) · The British Accounting Review · doi:10.1016/j.bar.2011.08.004 · Cited by 77
Construyendo una cultura de innovación. Una propuesta de transformación cultural
Valencia, J. C. N., & Hernández, G. C. (2015) · Estudios Gerenciales · doi:10.1016/j.estger.2014.12.005 · Cited by 77
Kristinsson, K., Candi, M., & Sæmundsson, R. J. (2016) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2015.12.013 · Cited by 77
Competitive intelligence for international business
Babbar, S., & Rai, A. (1993) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/0024-6301(93)90012-5 · Cited by 77
The implementation and structuring of divestitures: the unit's perspective
Moschieri, C. (2010) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.877 · Cited by 76
Toward a Multistage, Multilevel Theory of Innovation
Sears, G. J., & Baba, V. V. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.198 · Cited by 76
Knowledge combination, innovation, organizational performance in technology firms
Jiménez, J. M. R., & Fuentes, M. D. M. F. (2013) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/02635571311322775 · Cited by 76
Wincent, J., & Westerberg, M. (2005) · Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1142/s1084946705000215 · Cited by 76
Entrepreneurial orientation and performance – are sexes equal?
Fellnhofer, K., Puumalainen, K., & Sjögrén, H. (2016) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2015-0286 · Cited by 76
Redefining the Purchasing Function: An Entrepreneurial Perspective
Morris, M. H., & Calantone, R. J. (1991) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/j.1745-493x.1991.tb00542.x · Cited by 75
Awang, A. B., Khalid, S. A., Yusof, A. A., Kassim, K. M., Ismail, M., Zain, R. S., & Madar, A. R. S. (2009) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v4n9p84 · Cited by 77
A hierarchical perspective of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation
Tang, Z., Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L., Dickson, P. H., & Weaver, K. M. (2008) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-008-0097-9 · Cited by 75
Viewing marketing through entrepreneurial mindset: a systematic review
Yadav, A., & Bansal, S. (2020) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-03-2019-0163 · Cited by 74
Gundry, L. K., Kickul, J. R., Iakovleva, T. A., & Carsrud, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/2192-5372-3-8 · Cited by 74
Corporate Entrepreneurship 2.0: Research Development and Future Directions
Kuratko, D. F. (2017) · Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1561/0300000082 · Cited by 74
Hernández‐Linares, R., Kellermanns, F. W., Fernández, M. C. L., & Sarkar, S. (2019) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.brq.2019.03.002 · Cited by 73
Kanaan-Jebna, A. M. J., Baharudi, A. S., & Alabdullah, T. T. Y. (2021) · Journal of Accounting Science · doi:10.21070/jas.v6i1.1590 · Cited by 73
Desperately seeking serendipity
Gilinsky, A., Santini, C., Lazzeretti, L., & Eyler, R. (2008) · International Journal of Wine Business Research · doi:10.1108/17511060810919425 · Cited by 73
Dickson, P. H., & Weaver, K. M. (2008) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-008-0088-x · Cited by 73
Organizational Ambidexterity, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and I-Deals: The Moderating Role of CSR
Tuấn, L. T. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2476-1 · Cited by 75
Managing Intraorganizational Diffusion of Technological Innovations
Kim, N., & Srivastava, R. K. (1998) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(97)00059-x · Cited by 73
Tajeddini, K., & Mueller, S. L. (2018) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2018-0283 · Cited by 72
Hariyati, H., Tjahjadi, B., & Soewarno, N. (2019) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-02-2018-0049 · Cited by 72
Theodoraki, C., Messeghem, K., & Audretsch, D. B. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2020.3034476 · Cited by 72
Digital Internationalization of Traditional Firms: Virtual Presence and Entrepreneurial Orientation
Ipsmiller, E., Dikova, D., & Brouthers, K. D. (2022) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2022.100940 · Cited by 72
Theoretical lenses and domain definitions in innovation research
Harmancioǧlu, N., Dröge, C., & Calantone, R. J. (2009) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560910923319 · Cited by 72
Determinants of microenterprise performance in Nepal
Thapa, A. (2015) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9654-0 · Cited by 72
Aligning strategic processes in pursuit of firm growth
Titus, V., Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.03.003 · Cited by 72
Toward a model of franchisee entrepreneurship
Dada, O. (., Watson, A., & Kirby, D. A. (2012) · International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242610376078 · Cited by 71
Ngah, R., Tai, T., & Bontis, N. (2016) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.1504 · Cited by 71
Developing a public school entrepreneurship inventory
Eyal, O., & Inbar, D. E. (2003) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/13552550310501356 · Cited by 71
Assessing and comparing the innovativeness and creative climate of firms
Mohamed, M. Z., & Rickards, T. (1996) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/0956-5221(96)00003-6 · Cited by 73
CEO characteristics and SME foreign market entry mode choice
Laufs, K., Bembom, M., & Schwens, C. (2016) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-08-2014-0288 · Cited by 71
Sirén, C. A., Patel, P. C., Örtqvist, D., & Wincent, J. (2018) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2018.05.002 · Cited by 71
The emergence of entrepreneurial marketing: Nature and meaning
Morris, M. H., Schindehutte, M., & LaForge, R. W. (2001) · Cited by 71
Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Introduction
Cuervo, Á., Soriano, D. R., & Dobón, S. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-48543-0_1 · Cited by 78
Environmental Uncertainty, Strategic Orientation, and Quality Management: A Contingency Model
Jabnoun, N., Khalifah, A., & Yusuf, A. (2003) · Quality Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10686967.2003.11919081 · Cited by 70
Jogaratnam, G. (2002) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348002026003004 · Cited by 70
Proactive behavior and industrial salesforce performance
PITT, L. F., Ewing, M. T., & Berthon, P. R. (2002) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(01)00171-7 · Cited by 74
The impact of corporate and national cultures on decentralization in multinational corporations
Williams, C., & van Triest, S. (2009) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.01.003 · Cited by 70
Zhu, C., Liu, A., & Chen, G. (2018) · Frontiers of Business Research in China · doi:10.1186/s11782-018-0025-y · Cited by 70
Entrepreneurship research in China: internationalization or contextualization?
Su, J., Zhai, Q., & Landström, H. (2015) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2014.999718 · Cited by 74
Subsidiary-level determinants of global initiatives in multinational corporations
Williams, C. (2009) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2008.03.002 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H.
- Affiliations
- HEC Montréal (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- ORCID
- Miller, Danny
- Venue
- Strategic Management Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1982-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 0143-2095 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0266
- OpenAlex
- W1968725802
- Cited by
- 2,758
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 138 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 30.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- Strategic Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Firm Innovation and Growth
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Innovation
- Keywords
- product innovation, entrepreneurial firms, innovation models, environmental uncertainty, information processing, organizational structure, decision-making, curvilinear relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review