The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit
Abstract
Strategic management researchers often encounter problems obtaining objective measures of selected aspects of organizational performance that are reliable and valid. With privately‐held firms, such data are frequently unavailable. With conglomerate business units, all or parts of such data are inextricably interwoven with corporate‐wide data. This paper examines the usefulness of subjective performance measures, obtained from top management teams, when problems are encountered in obtaining accurate performance data.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Empirical research in entrepreneurship has validated the appropriateness of using subjective measures of venture performance and confirmed their significant association with objective metrics (Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984;Stam and Elfring, 2008;Wall et al., 2004).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984
In the citing paper
“2) young ventures often do not report objective performance data due to the size and newness of their firms (Bantel, 1998;Chandler and Hanks, 1993;Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984
Citations
Cites
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967) · Cited by 5,206
Strategy formulation : analytical concepts
Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, D. E. (1978) · Cited by 2,527
Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning.
Evered, R. D., Schendel, D. E., & Hofer, C. W. (1980) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392273 · Cited by 1,124
A System Resource Approach to Organizational Effectiveness
Yuchtman, E., & Seashore, S. E. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092843 · Cited by 946
Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Study of Large Corporations
Lieberson, S., & O'Connor, J. F. (1972) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094020 · Cited by 750
Bourgeois, L. J. (1980) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250010304 · Cited by 501
Market Share and Rate of Return
Gale, B. T. (1972) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1924568 · Cited by 291
Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance.
Beard, D. W., & Dess, G. G. (1981) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256169 · Cited by 259
Self-citationA Contextual Model of Strategic Decision Making in Organizations.
Hambrick, D. C., & Snow, C. C. (1977) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.1977.4977040 · Cited by 196
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Ansoff H. I., 1965, Corporate Strategy
- Buzzell R. B.GaleandR.Sultan. ‘Market share—a key to profitability’ Harvard Business Review January‐February1975 pp.97–106.
- Cronbach L., 1972, The Dependability of Behavioral Assessments
- Etzioni A., 1964, Modern Organizations
- Hollander E. P.‘Processes of leadership emergence’ Journal of Contemporary Business Autumn1974 pp.19–23.
- Rumelt R., 1974, Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance in Large Industrial Corporations
- San Miguel J.‘The reliability of R & D data in COMPUSTAT and 10‐K reports’ The Accounting Review July1977 pp.638–641.
- Schendel D., 1979, Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning
- Smith S. B.‘The small business institute program: a study of its effectiveness’ Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation University of Southern California 1978.
- Thompson J., 1967, Organizations in Action
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,001
A conceptual model of knowledge sharing
Farooq, R. (2018) · International Journal of Innovation Science · doi:10.1108/ijis-09-2017-0087 · Cited by 139
CEO proactiveness, innovation, and firm performance
Kiss, A. N., Cortes, A. F., & Herrmann, P. (2021) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101545 · Cited by 135
Strategic cost management and performance: The case of environmental costs
Henri, J., Boiral, O., & Roy, M. (2015) · The British Accounting Review · doi:10.1016/j.bar.2015.01.001 · Cited by 143
Neubaum, D. O., Thomas, C. H., Dibrell, C., & Craig, J. B. L. (2016) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486516673701 · Cited by 124
Organizational Structure and Performance in Dutch small Firms
Meijaard, J., Brand, M. J., & Mosselman, M. (2005) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-005-4259-7 · Cited by 124
Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt
Badran, M. A., & Youssef‐Morgan, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-06-2013-0176 · Cited by 125
Organizational Innovativeness: Construct Development and Cross‐Cultural Validation
Ruvio, A. A., Shoham, A., Vigoda‐Gadot, E., & Schwabsky, N. (2013) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12141 · Cited by 140
Arzubiaga, U., Maseda, A., & Iturralde, T. (2017) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-017-0239-y · Cited by 122
Jiang, X., & Li, Y. (2008) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.003 · Cited by 123
Zhu, Z., & Nakata, C. C. (2007) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679150301 · Cited by 123
The Impact of Product Modularity on New Product Performance: Mediation by Product Innovativeness
Lau, A. K. W., Yam, R. C. M., & Tang, E. (2011) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00796.x · Cited by 122
The Trap of Continual Ownership Change in International Equity Joint Ventures
Chung, C. C., & Beamish, P. W. (2010) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0489 · Cited by 122
Managerial Assessments of Export Performance: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Illustration
Diamantopoulos, A., & Kakkos, N. (2007) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.15.3.1 · Cited by 122
Congruence Between Pay Policy and Competitive Strategy in High-Performing Firms
Montemayor, E. F. (1996) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(96)90041-0 · Cited by 122
Shaukat, M. B., Latif, K. F., Sajjad, A., & Eweje, G. (2021) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2228 · Cited by 134
The relationship between learning capability and organizational performance
Goh, S. C., Elliott, C. J., & Quon, T. K. (2012) · The Learning Organization · doi:10.1108/09696471211201461 · Cited by 121
Incumbents’ Attitude Toward Intrafamily Succession
Massis, A. D., Sieger, P., Chua, J. H., & Silvio Vismara, A. (2016) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486516656276 · Cited by 137
Caruana, A., Ewing, M. T., & Ramaseshan, B. (2002) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/714005076 · Cited by 119
A “citation classics” analysis of articles in contemporary small enterprise research
Ratnatunga, J., & Romano, C. A. (1997) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(96)00062-6 · Cited by 119
Rowe, W. G., & Morrow, J. L. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1936-4490.1999.tb00188.x · Cited by 119
Strategy in High-Velocity Environments
Wirtz, B. W., Mathieu, A., & Schilke, O. (2007) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2007.06.002 · Cited by 119
Performance Outcomes of Strategic and IT Competencies Alignment 1
Croteau, A., & Raymond, L. (2004) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000020 · Cited by 122
Factors influencing the propensity to export: A study of UK and Portuguese textile firms
Serra, F. F., Pointon, J., & Abdou, H. A. (2011) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.006 · Cited by 120
Measures of Marketing Success:
Andreu, J. L. I., Eusebio, R., & Ambler, T. (2002) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00064-6 · Cited by 118
Profiling Managers to Improve Export Promotion Targeting
Gray, B. (1997) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490106 · Cited by 118
Strategic fit within family firms: The role of family influence and the effect on performance
Lindow, C. M., Stubner, S., & Wulf, T. (2010) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.08.004 · Cited by 118
The Impact of Ownership on Small Firm Behaviour and Performance
Ghobadian, A., & O’Regan, N. (2006) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242606069267 · Cited by 117
Telework adoption, change management, and firm performance
Sánchez, Á. M., Pérez‐Pérez, M., Vela‐Jiménez, M. J., & Carnicer, P. D. L. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810810847011 · Cited by 117
Innovativeness and family-firm performance: The moderating effect of family commitment
Hatak, I. R., Kautonen, T., Fink, M., & Kansikas, J. (2015) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.020 · Cited by 117
The relationship of operational innovation and financial performance—A critical perspective
Klingenberg, B., Timberlake, R., Geurts, T. G., & Brown, R. J. E. (2012) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.12.001 · Cited by 117
Telework, human resource flexibility and firm performance
Sánchez, Á. M., Pérez‐Pérez, M., Carnicer, P. D. L., & Vela‐Jiménez, M. J. (2007) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-005x.2007.00195.x · Cited by 117
Bayraktar, C. A., Köksalmış, G. H., Cetinguc, B., & Çalışır, F. (2016) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2016.1194973 · Cited by 140
Entrepreneurial alertness: Exploring its psychological antecedents and effects on firm outcomes
Tang, J., Baron, R. A., & Yu, A. (2021) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.1945071 · Cited by 117
Environment-Flexibility Coalignment and Performance: An Analysis in Large versus Small Firms
Jover, A. J. V., Montes, F. J. L., & Morales, V. J. G. (2006) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2006.00175.x · Cited by 117
Selden, S. C., & Sowa, J. E. (2015) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2015.1031416 · Cited by 116
Lew, Y. K., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2012) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.006 · Cited by 121
Achieving employee commitment for continuous improvement initiatives
Lam, M., O’Donnell, M., & Robertson, D. (2015) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/ijopm-03-2013-0134 · Cited by 116
Silo-Busting: Overcoming the Greatest Threat to Organizational Performance
de Waal, A., Weaver, M., Day, T., & HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11236860 · Cited by 116
Linking Market Orientation to International Market Selection and International Performance.
He, X., & Wei, Y. (2011) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.10.003 · Cited by 116
Adomako, S., & Tran, M. D. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2977 · Cited by 130
An empirical analysis of factors explaining foreign joint venture performance in China
Hu, M. Y., & Chen, H. (1996) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(95)00087-9 · Cited by 116
Internal marketing impact on business performance in a retail context
Panigyrakis, G. G., & Theodoridis, P. K. (2009) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590550910964620 · Cited by 115
Yu, X., Tao, Y., Tao, X., Xia, F., & Li, Y. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.017 · Cited by 115
Nakos, G. E., Dimitratos, P., & Elbanna, S. (2018) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.12.005 · Cited by 116
Supply source selection criteria: The impact of supplier performance on distributor performance
Katsikeas, C. S., Paparoidamis, N. G., & Katsikea, E. S. (2004) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.01.002 · Cited by 115
KRAUS, S., BREM, A., SCHUESSLER, M., SCHUESSLER, F., & NIEMAND, T. (2017) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919617500050 · Cited by 114
Kunze, F., Raes, A., & Bruch, H. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038909 · Cited by 126
Neubaum, D. O., Dibrell, C., & Craig, J. B. L. (2012) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.01.003 · Cited by 114
Zahay, D. L., & Griffin, A. (2004) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02338.x · Cited by 115
Kanyurhi, E. B., & Akonkwa, D. B. M. (2016) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-06-2015-0083 · Cited by 114
Jacks-(and Jills)-of-all-trades: On whether, how and why gender influences firm innovativeness
Strohmeyer, R., Tonoyan, V., & Jennings, P. D. (2017) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.07.001 · Cited by 114
Marketing Practices and Performance of Small Service Firms
Coviello, N. E., Winklhofer, H. M., & Hamilton, K. (2006) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670506289533 · Cited by 114
A knowledge-based theory of the firm
Kengatharan, N. (2019) · International journal of manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-03-2018-0096 · Cited by 183
Is CSR the panacea for SMEs? A study of socially responsible SMEs during economic crisis
Μαγρίζος, Σ., Apospori, E., Carrigan, M., & Jones, R. (2020) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2020.06.002 · Cited by 113
Market orientation and performance in the biotechnology industry: An exploratory empirical analysis
Appiah‐Adu, K., & Ranchhod, A. (1998) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537329808524311 · Cited by 113
Perdomo‐Ortiz, J., Benito, J. G., & Galende, J. (2009) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190902850372 · Cited by 120
Knight, H., Megicks, P., Agarwal, S., & Leenders, M. A. A. M. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2178 · Cited by 123
Afriyie, S., Du, J., & Musah, A. I. (2019) · Journal of global entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1186/s40497-019-0165-3 · Cited by 131
Proactive environmental strategy and firm performance at the bottom of the pyramid
Adomako, S., Ning, E., & Adu‐Ameyaw, E. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2629 · Cited by 118
Customer Orientation, Learning Orientation, and New Service Development
Tajeddini, K. (2011) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348010380599 · Cited by 123
Choongo, P. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9081300 · Cited by 133
Graziotin, D., Wang, X., & Abrahamsson, P. (2015) · Journal of Software: Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.1673 · Cited by 126
Lee, C., & Hallak, R. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104128 · Cited by 128
Marketing strategies that make entrepreneurial firms recession-resistant
Pearce, J. A., & Michael, S. C. (1997) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(97)89449-9 · Cited by 111
Sidik, I. G. (2012) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00351-6 · Cited by 109
Horng, J., Liu, C.-H. S., Chou, S.-F., Yu, T., & Hu, D.-C. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.02.026 · Cited by 122
Masuo, D. M., Fong, G., Yanagida, J. F., & Cabal, C. (2001) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1023/a:1009492604067 · Cited by 110
How do organizations remember? The influence of organizational structure on organizational memory
Fiedler, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2010) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840609347052 · Cited by 109
Afonina, A. (2015) · Journal of Competitiveness · doi:10.7441/joc.2015.03.02 · Cited by 109
Competitive factors and their relative importance in the US electronics and computer industries
Lau, R. S. M. (2002) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/01443570210412105 · Cited by 109
Perceived Uncertainty and Firm Performance in SMEs
Sawyerr, O. O., McGee, J. E., & Peterson, M. (2003) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/02662426030213002 · Cited by 108
The core competence of successful owner-managed SMEs
Ng, H. S., & Kee, D. M. H. (2017) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-12-2016-0877 · Cited by 115
Kyriakopoulos, K. (2011) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840611410833 · Cited by 107
Lee, C., & Hallak, R. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.004 · Cited by 107
Groezinger, A.-C., Wolff, S., Ruf, P. J., & Moog, P. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00506-4 · Cited by 107
Maas, S., Schuster, T., & Hartmann, E. (2012) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.1759 · Cited by 109
Market orientation in quality-oriented organizations and its impact on their performance
Lai, K. (2003) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/s0925-5273(02)00382-1 · Cited by 107
Woodside, A. G., Sullivan, D. P., & Trappey, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(97)00232-4 · Cited by 107
Dai, W., Mao, Z., Zhao, X., & Mattila, A. S. (2015) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.08.011 · Cited by 106
Nybakk, E. (2012) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919612003873 · Cited by 106
The relationship between conflict and decision outcomes
Parayitam, S., & Dooley, R. S. (2007) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444060710759318 · Cited by 111
Chaston, I. (1997) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090569710190550 · Cited by 106
Awareness, use and effectiveness of models and methods for new product development
Nijssen, E., & Lieshout, K. F. M. (1995) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090569510098483 · Cited by 106
Independent directors and family firm performance: does one size fit all?
Samara, G., & Berbegal‐Mirabent, J. (2017) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-017-0455-6 · Cited by 105
Voudouris, I., Lioukas, S. K., Iatrelli, M., & Caloghirou, Y. D. (2012) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2012.04.001 · Cited by 107
Chan‐Olmsted, S. M., & Ha, L. S. (2003) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4704_7 · Cited by 105
Organizational ambidexterity, market orientation, and firm performance
Wei, Z., Jie, Z., & Zhang, C. (2014) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2014.06.001 · Cited by 104
Validation of a Multi‐Dimensional Measure of Strategy Development Processes
Bailey, A., Johnson, G., & Daniels, K. (2000) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.t01-1-00157 · Cited by 105
Linking Managerial Coaching and Leader–Member Exchange on Work Engagement and Performance
Tanskanen, J., Mäkelä, L., & Viitala, R. L. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9996-9 · Cited by 140
Caruana, A., & PITT, L. F. (1997) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090569710176600 · Cited by 104
Green purchasing is key to superior performance: an empirical study
Dubey, R., Bag, S., Ali, S. S., & Venkatesh, V. G. (2013) · International Journal of Procurement Management · doi:10.1504/ijpm.2013.052469 · Cited by 104
Competitive advantage from ERP projects: Examining the role of key implementation drivers
Ram, J., Wu, M., & Tagg, R. M. (2013) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.08.004 · Cited by 120
When does family involvement produce superior performance in SME family business?
Cruz, T. F. G., & Ros, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.124 · Cited by 103
Oh, S. Y. (2018) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-02-2018-0087 · Cited by 118
Konadu, R., Owusu‐Agyei, S., Lartey, T. A., Danso, A., Adomako, S., & Amankwah‐Amoah, J. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2504 · Cited by 113
Servitization and supply chain integration: An empirical analysis
Shah, S. A. A., Jajja, M. S. S., Chatha, K. A., & Farooq, S. (2020) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107765 · Cited by 106
Xie, Q., Gao, Y., Xia, N., Zhang, S., & Tao, G. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113363 · Cited by 104
Gotteland, D., & Boulé, J.-M. (2006) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2005.08.001 · Cited by 103
Performance implications of nonmarket strategy in China
He, Y., Tian, Z., & Chen, Y. (2007) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-006-9030-3 · Cited by 102
Predictors of response time to competitive strategic actions: Preliminary theory and evidence
Smith, K. G., Grimm, C. M., Chen, M., & Gannon, M. J. (1989) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(89)90048-9 · Cited by 103
Metadata
- Authors
- Dess, G. G., & Robinson, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- ORCID
- Dess, Gregory G.
- Venue
- Strategic Management Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1984-07
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 265-273
- ISSN
- 0143-2095 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0266
- OpenAlex
- W2042217374
- Cited by
- 3,337
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 158 · 2013: 176 · 2012: 154
- FWCI
- 13.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Strategic Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Accounting and Organizational Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management and Organizational Practices
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Financial Reporting and Valuation Research
- Keywords
- organizational performance evaluation, subjective performance measures, private enterprises, top management teams, data availability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review