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Cited by 24Entrepreneurship Studies and InfluencesRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness ManagementWorkaholism, burnout, and well-being

Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance

Open access
Hamrick, Alexander B., Paterson, Ted A., Michaelis, Timothy L., Murnieks, Charles Y., Petrou, Paraskevas·2023·Journal of Business Venturing
DOI 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106327
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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106327

Cites

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 145 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Leisure crafting has a positive indirect effect on venture performance via entrepreneurs' thriving at work.

    “We then found LC to have a positive indirect effect on venture performance via entrepreneurs' thriving at work (c' = 0.11, p < 0.001, CI lower = 0.05, CI upper = 0.18), thus supporting Hypothesis 5.”
    • Also stated in: § 4.5. Results · plain
      “We then found LC to have a positive indirect effect on venture performance via entrepreneurs' thriving at work (c' = 0.07, p = 0.012, CI lower = 0.01, CI upper = 0.14), thus supporting Hypothesis 5.”
    • Also stated in: § 5.3. Results · plain
      “We then found LC to have a positive indirect effect on venture performance via entrepreneurs' thriving at work (c' = 0.02, p = 0.002, CI lower = 0.010, CI upper = 0.050), thus supporting Hypothesis 5.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The positive effect of leisure crafting on thriving at work weakens as work task focus rises.

    “We find that the positive impact of LC diminishes as work task focus increases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Retesting the hypotheses using the individual facets of thriving at work (learning and vitality) yielded largely consistent results.

    “First, we retested our hypotheses using the individual facets of thriving at work (i.e., learning and vitality) and found largely consistent results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Work task focus does not mediate the relationships between leisure crafting and thriving at work, opportunity recognition, and venture performance.

    “We did not find support for work task focus as a mediator, thus further supporting the robustness of our hypothesized model.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Leisure crafting helps people achieve better performance.

    “Our results reveal that LC can help individuals recognize new opportunities and perform better, both of which are desirable outcomes across traditional and entrepreneurial work settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 32
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among entrepreneurs, leisure crafting is positively associated with opportunity recognition and venture performance; thriving at work mediates this link and work task focus moderates it.

    “Using three studies we provide strong evidence that leisure crafting positively relates to opportunity recognition and venture performance, which is mediated by thriving at work and moderated by work task focus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The indirect effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition via thriving at work is significant when work task focus is low but not when it is high.

    “Specifically, the indirect effect of LC on opportunity recognition via entrepreneurs' thriving at work was significant when work task focus was low (-1 SD, c' = 0.04, p < 0.001, 95 % CI [0.010, 0.080]) but not significant when work task focus was high (+1 SD, c' = 0.01, p = 0.246, 95 % CI [-0.010, 0.040]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Leisure crafting challenges people without overburdening them and creates growth, need satisfaction, and self-confidence that raise energy and positivity, which transfer into the work domain.

    “Specifically, LC challenges individuals without overtaxing them and, therefore, generates experiences of growth, need satisfaction, and self-confidence that increase feelings of energy and positivity that spill over into the work domain (cf.Edwards and Rothbard, 2000;Fritz et al., 2010;Mojza et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Edwards and Rothbard, 2000 source

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    • cites Fritz et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Mojza et al., 2011 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resources are the main factors underlying positive spillover between nonwork and work domains; resources created and obtained in nonwork domains can improve functioning in the work domain, and the reverse also holds.

    “That is, the primary factors at the root of positive spillover are resources (e.g., knowledge, skills, affective states) in the originating domain, as the resources generated and acquired in nonwork domains can enhance individuals' functioning in the work domain, and vice versa (Carlson et al., 2006;Edwards and Rothbard, 2000;Greenhaus and Brummelhuis, 2013: 18;Ren et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carlson et al., 2006 source

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    • cites Edwards and Rothbard, 2000 source

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    • cites Greenhaus and Brummelhuis, 2013

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    Premisecitation

    Leisure and other nonwork activities, including physical exercise, recovery experiences, and mastery experiences, can raise a person's energy level, and this carries over to work.

    “Empirical studies have shown that leisure and other nonwork activities, such as physical exercise, recovery experiences, and mastery experiences can elevate an individual's energy level (ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012; ten Brummelhuis and Trougakos, 2014; see Sonnentag et al., 2017 for a review)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012 source

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    • cites ten Brummelhuis and Trougakos, 2014 source

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    • cites Sonnentag et al., 2017 source

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    Premisecitation

    Conservation of resources theory holds that people aim to safeguard their existing resources and to gain new ones.

    “COR theory posits that individuals are motivated to protect their current resources and acquire new resources (Hobfoll, 1989).”
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    • cites Hobfoll, 1989 source

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    Premisecitation

    A central principle of conservation of resources theory is resource investment: people actively put resources into actions meant to recover from past losses or to obtain more resources, creating positive gain spirals.

    “A key tenet of COR theory revolves around the concept of resource investment, meaning that individuals proactively invest resources in behaviors targeted at overcoming previous resource losses or gaining additional resources, referred to as positive gain spirals (Halbesleben et al., 2014;Hobfoll, 1989;Hobfoll, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Halbesleben et al., 2014

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    • cites Hobfoll, 1989 source

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    • cites Hobfoll, 2001 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting is a nonwork behavior that can produce the positive resource gains entrepreneurs need to thrive at work because it can increase both learning and vitality.

    “Thus, we argue that LC is one such nonwork behavior that can generate the positive resource gains necessary for entrepreneurs to thrive at work because it provides an avenue for both increasing learning and vitality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Resources including skills, affective states, knowledge, and self-efficacy support the learning that is part of thriving at work.

    “This is consistent with research suggesting that resources such as skills, affective states, knowledge, and self-efficacy fuel the learning that is inherent in individuals' thriving at work (Spreitzer et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spreitzer et al., 2010

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    Premisecitation

    Achieving goals and gaining new skills and competencies can satisfy individuals and produce a positive mood.

    “Goal accomplishment as well as the acquisition of new skills and competencies can be satisfying for individuals, generating a positive mood (Petrou and Bakker, 2016;Preenen et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Petrou and Bakker, 2016 source

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    • cites Preenen et al., 2014 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting enables resource acquisition that improves an entrepreneur's learning.

    “Regarding the effect of LC on entrepreneurs' acquisition of new knowledge and skills, we propose that LC will allow for resource acquisition that benefits an entrepreneur's learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Interpretationcitation

    Leisure crafting leads to resource generation and acquisition that raise an entrepreneur's energy levels, that is, vitality.

    “Regarding the effect of LC on entrepreneurs' vitality (i.e., the affective component of thriving at work), we propose that LC will lead to resource generation and acquisition that increase an entrepreneur's energy levels (i.e., vitality).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Resources obtained in the nonwork domain, such as skills, knowledge, and social capital, can be directly moved to the other domain and can improve positive states and performance at work.

    “Spillover research posits that resources acquired in the nonwork domain (e.g., skills, knowledge, social capital) can be directly exported to the other domain, ultimately enhancing one's positive states and performance at work (Edwards and Rothbard, 2000: 186;Greenhaus and Brummelhuis, 2013;Hanson et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Edwards and Rothbard, 2000 source

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    • cites Greenhaus and Brummelhuis, 2013

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    • cites Hanson et al., 2006 source

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    Premisecitation

    The socially embedded model of thriving holds that when people act agentically, they create energic and learning resources that raise their thriving at work.

    “Lastly, the SEMT posits that, as people act in agentic ways, they produce these energic and learning resources that enhance their thriving at work (Spreitzer et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spreitzer et al., 2005 source

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    Premisecitation

    Thriving at work is a key resource because it supports goal achievement and drives higher innovation, solution identification, work commitment, creativity, and task performance.

    “Thriving at work represents one of these key resources because it facilitates goal achievement and drives elevated levels of innovation, solution identification, work commitment, creativity, and task performance (Carmeli and Spreitzer, 2009;Liu et al., 2020aLiu et al., , 2020b; see Kleine et al., 2019 for a meta-analysis).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carmeli and Spreitzer, 2009 source

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    • cites Liu et al., 2020a

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    • cites Kleine et al., 2019 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Thriving at work carries the indirect effect of leisure crafting on an entrepreneur's opportunity recognition and performance because it is a resource that can be gained and preserved and because it drives work-related outcomes.

    “Thus, we argue that thriving at work facilitates the indirect effect of LC on an entrepreneur's opportunity recognition and performance because it is a resource that can be both acquired (e.g., learning new knowledge and skills) and conserved (e.g., protecting and enhancing energy), and because it drives work-related outcomes (Kleine et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kleine et al., 2019 source

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    Premisecitation

    Work task focus enhances individuals' energy and learning resources.

    “Although we posit that LC will be positively related to entrepreneurs' thriving at work, and although research on work task focus also shows that it enhances individuals' energic and learning resources (Niessen et al., 2012;Paterson et al., 2014), these two agentic activities enhance these resources through different ways.”
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    • cites Niessen et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Paterson et al., 2014 source

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    Premisecitation

    Leisure crafting can generate thriving-at-work resources (knowledge, skills, information) that positively affect venture performance.

    “As mentioned in regard to opportunity recognition, LC can generate thriving at work resources (i.e., knowledge, skills, information) that can positively influence venture performance (Chandler and Lyon, 2009;Watson, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chandler and Lyon, 2009 source

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    • cites Watson, 2007 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Entrepreneurs who experience thriving at work due to leisure crafting will possess personal resources (knowledge, skills, information, energy) to perform better.

    “Entrepreneurs who experience thriving at work as a result of their LC will have the personal resources (e.g., knowledge, skills, information, and energy) to perform better.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Engagement in leisure activities positively affects the generation of energy resources and subsequent work performance.

    “In fact, research has found that engagement in leisure activities has a positive impact on an individual's generation of energic resources and subsequent work performance (Eschleman et al., 2014;Fritz and Sonnentag, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Eschleman et al., 2014 source

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    • cites Fritz and Sonnentag, 2005 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Through leisure crafting, entrepreneurs can generate thriving-at-work resources (learning and vitality) that drive their work and ultimately influence venture performance.

    “Through LC, entrepreneurs can generate thriving at work resources (i.e., learning and vitality) that can drive their work, ultimately influencing venture performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Knowledge, information, and social networks are essential resources in the opportunity recognition process.

    “For example, research has found that knowledge (Grégoire et al., 2010), information (Ozgen and Baron, 2007;Shane, 2000) and social networks (Ma et al., 2011;Singh, 2000) are essential resources within the opportunity recognition process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Grégoire et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Ozgen and Baron, 2007 source

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    • cites Shane, 2000

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting increases the energy and positive mood entrepreneurs can bring to work, which are key resources for raising work vitality.

    “Thus, we suggest that LC enhances the energy and positive mood available for entrepreneurs to bring to the work domain, which are essential resources for increasing work vitality (cf.Nix et al., 1999;Porath et al., 2012;Ren et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Nix et al., 1999 source

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    • cites Porath et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Ren et al., 2022 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    These socio-relational resources can move from the nonwork domain to the work domain and promote vitality at work.

    “These resources can then be transferred from the nonwork domain to the work domain to promote one's vitality at work (Ren et al., 2022).”
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    • cites Ren et al., 2022 source

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    Premisecitation

    Individuals who feel energetic tend to maintain a vigorous work style, stay engaged with tasks, notice work-related opportunities, and act proactively.

    “Additionally, individuals who feel full of energy tend to sustain a vigorous work style, stay engaged with work tasks, be more sensitive to work-related opportunities, and be more proactive at work (Hahn et al., 2012;Xanthopoulou et al., 2009).”
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    • cites Hahn et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Xanthopoulou et al., 2009 source

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    Premisecitation

    The SEMT assumes that when individuals act agentically, they generate the energy and learning resources needed to experience thriving at work.

    “The SEMT is predicated on the notion that, as individuals act in an agentic manner, they generate the energic and learning resources needed to experience a sense of thriving at work (Spreitzer et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spreitzer et al., 2005 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Leisure crafting includes human connection and the building of high-quality relationships and social interactions, which can energize a person and create valuable socio-relational resources.

    “Additionally, LC involves human connection and the development of high-quality relationships and social interactions, which can energize the individual and generate valuable sociorelational resources (cf.Dutton, 2003;Heaphy and Dutton, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dutton, 2003

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    • cites Heaphy and Dutton, 2008 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting enables individuals to take on new challenges without overexerting themselves, producing growth and self-confidence that foster positive energy feelings.

    “LC extends this, highlighting that individuals can take on new challenges without overtaxing themselves and, therefore, they can generate experiences of growth and self-confidence that foster uplifting and positive feelings of energy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In the entrepreneurial context, entrepreneurs' personal influence can directly affect firm strategies and performance.

    “This is particularly relevant in the entrepreneurial context where entrepreneurs' personal influence can generate a direct impact on firm strategies and performance (Liu et al., 2019;Wu et al., 2022).”
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    • cites Liu et al., 2019 source

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    • cites Wu et al., 2022

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    Premisecitation

    COR theory holds that individuals strive to acquire and conserve resources needed to sustain success in their context.

    “Additionally, COR theory posits that individuals strive to acquire and conserve the resources needed to sustain success in their particular context (Hobfoll, 1989;Hobfoll et al., 2018).”
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    • cites Hobfoll, 1989 source

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    • cites Hobfoll et al., 2018 source

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    Premisecitation

    Entrepreneurs' individual-level behaviors and resources are closely tied to venture performance because of the entrepreneur's power to drive venture actions and outcomes.

    “Entrepreneurs' individual-level behaviors and resources are intimately connected to their venture's performance because of the relative power that the entrepreneur has in driving venture actions and outcomes (Liu et al., 2019).”
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    • cites Liu et al., 2019 source

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    Premisecitation

    During high work task focus, individuals concentrate intensely on their job by intentionally directing personal energy and attention into work tasks.

    “During high work task focus, individuals concentrate intensely on their job by intentionally driving personal energy and attention into their work tasks (Kahn, 1990).”
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    • cites Kahn, 1990 source

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Predictor and response variables were separated in the survey to reduce participants' reliance on prior questions.

    “Predictor and response variables were separated in the survey to mitigate participants' ability to rely on prior questions to influence subsequent responses (Podsakoff et al., 2003).”
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    • cites Podsakoff et al., 2003 source

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    Premisecitation

    Empirical research in entrepreneurship has validated the appropriateness of subjective venture performance measures and confirmed their significant association with objective metrics.

    “Empirical research in entrepreneurship has validated the appropriateness of using subjective measures of venture performance and confirmed their significant association with objective metrics (Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984;Stam and Elfring, 2008;Wall et al., 2004).”
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    • cites Dess and Robinson Jr., 1984 source

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    • cites Stam and Elfring, 2008 source

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    • cites Wall et al., 2004 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting can compensate for low work task focus and produce valuable work spillover.

    “In other words, LC can compensate for inadequate levels of beneficial work-related behaviors (i.e., work task focus), resulting in valuable spillover for one's work.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Entrepreneurs invest substantial effort and time scanning their environments to generate new ideas.

    “Entrepreneurs work hard and spend a commensurate amount of time scanning their environments to introduce novel ideas (Fisher et al., 2020;Shane and Venkataraman, 2000).”
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    • cites Fisher et al., 2020 source

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    • cites Shane and Venkataraman, 2000

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    Study design and conductcitation

    The studies assured anonymity, indicated no right or wrong answers, urged honest responses, and used attention check items to reduce common method bias.

    “We also assured anonymity, indicated that there were no”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Podsakoff et al., 2003 source

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    Study design and conductreasoning

    The studies controlled for various variables to rule out alternative explanations and isolate the effects of leisure crafting.

    “In addition to the controls used in Studies 1a and 1b, and to rule out alternative explanations and more accurately isolate the effects of LC on our variables of interest, we controlled for the following variables: sleep quantity, sleep quality, recovery experiences (psychological detachment, relaxation, and mastery; Sonnentag et al., 2008), passive leisure (e.g., watching tv; Joudrey and Wallace,”
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    • cites Sonnentag et al., 2008 source

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    • cites Joudrey and Wallace, 2009 source

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    Study design and conductown data

    Common method variance was only 3.73% of the variance in Study 1a and 17.6% in Study 1b, below the 25% criterion.

    “Additionally, variance partitioning showed that common method variance (CMV) was only 3.73 % of the variance in the model in Study 1a and only 17.6 % in Study 1b (below the criteria of 25 %), indicating that CMV is not a critical concern in either study (Williams et al., 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Williams et al., 1989 source

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    Premisecitation

    The compensation notion in work-nonwork interface and leisure crafting literature suggests individuals actively compensate for undesired states in one life domain via activities in another.

    “This notion of compensation is embedded within the work-nonwork interface and LC literature, which suggests that individuals actively compensate for undesired states (e.g., a lack of thriving at work) in one life domain (i.e., work) via activities in another (i.e., leisure; Geurts and Demerouti, 2003;Kleiber et al., 2002;Petrou and Bakker, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Geurts and Demerouti, 2003

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    • cites Kleiber et al., 2002 source

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    • cites Petrou and Bakker, 2016 source

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    Premisecitation

    Petrou et al. (2017) supported a compensation hypothesis: leisure crafting improved nonwork life when job crafting opportunities were low.

    “For example, Petrou et al. (2017) found support for their compensation hypothesis that LC would enhance individuals' nonwork life (i.e., general meaning-making) when opportunities to craft their jobs were low”
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    • cites Petrou et al., 2017 source

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Prolific Academic allows specification of comprehensive and rigorous pre-screening criteria that ensure recruited respondents are appropriate for the study.

    “Additionally, unlike other online platforms (e.g., MTurk), Prolific allows for the specification of comprehensive and rigorous pre-screening criteria that permits us to ensure that the recruited respondents are appropriate for our study.”
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    • cites Gunia et al., 2021 source

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    • cites Palan and Schitter, 2018 source

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    Premisecitation

    Work-nonwork interface research usually seeks to determine when spillover or compensation effects dominate.

    “In addition, research on the work-nonwork interface typically sets out to identify when either the effects of spillover or compensation will manifest over one another (Kabanoff and O'Brien, 1980;Lambert, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kabanoff and O'Brien, 1980 source

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    • cites Lambert, 1990 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The combined effect of leisure crafting and work task focus has limits; greater work task focus reduces the benefit of leisure crafting.

    “In other words, both LC and work task focus enhance individuals' thriving at work, but there are limits to their joint efficacy; the more focused one is on their work tasks, the less beneficial LC is.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Leisure crafting drives entrepreneurs' recognition of opportunities and their venture performance.

    “Hence, we expand the nomological network by introducing LC as a driver of entrepreneurs' opportunity recognition and venture performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The studies used pre-screening criteria requiring participants to be over 18, fluent in English, and currently running their own business.

    “We used a variety of pre-screening criteria by recruiting only participants over 18 years of age who were fluent in English and currently running their own business (e.g., Collewaert et al., 2021;Engel et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Collewaert et al., 2021 source

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    • cites Engel et al., 2020 source

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    Premisecitation

    Leisure crafting allows individuals to stop drawing on energy resources needed for work while also learning and growing, thus increasing their learning and energy resources.

    “On the one hand, LC allows individuals to stop drawing on the energic resources required for accomplishing work, while also allowing them to learn and grow, thus increasing their learning and energic resources (Petrou and Bakker, 2016;Petrou et al., 2017;Weigelt and Prem, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Petrou and Bakker, 2016 source

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    • cites Petrou et al., 2017 source

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    • cites Weigelt and Prem, 2021 source

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    Study design and conductcitation

    A one-month time lag was used to maximize participation and minimize common method bias.

    “We elected to use a one-month time lag to maximize respondents' participation and to minimize common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2012), consistent with similar studies in the management and entrepreneurship literature (Fang and Saks, 2021;Hong et al., 2021;Mitchell et al., 2018).”
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    • cites Podsakoff et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Fang and Saks, 2021 source

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    • cites Hong et al., 2021 source

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    Interpretationown data

    The results indicate that entrepreneurs who engage in more leisure crafting are more likely to experience thriving at work and consequently show higher opportunity recognition and venture performance.

    “The results highlight that entrepreneurs engaging in more LC are more likely to experience a sense of thriving at work and consequently demonstrate higher levels of opportunity recognition and venture performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Recent work indicates that family experiences can affect thriving at work.

    “For example, recent research shows that the family domain (e.g., family incivility and family support) can influence individuals' thriving at work, highlighting this connection between nonwork and work (Ren et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ren et al., 2022 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Earlier leisure crafting research has stressed its role in satisfying needs and creating meaning.

    “Prior research on LC has emphasized the important role that it plays in individuals' need satisfaction and meaningmaking (Petrou and Bakker, 2016;Petrou et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Petrou and Bakker, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Petrou et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prolific is a widely used and legitimate data collection tool because of its reliability.

    “Prolific is a widely used and legitimate tool for data collection due to its reliability (e.g.,Takeuchi et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Takeuchi et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Entrepreneurs must invest substantial effort in their ventures to succeed.

    “Entrepreneurs must invest a significant amount of effort into their ventures to achieve success (Gunia, 2018;Spivack et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gunia, 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Spivack et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study used a longitudinal time-lagged design consistent with prior work, which can improve causal interpretation.

    “We used a longitudinal time-lagged design consistent with prior studies, which can improve interpretations related to causality (e.g., Chadwick and Raver, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chadwick and Raver, 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The Oregon State University IRB approved the study under Protocol #2021-1000.

    “This study was approved by the Oregon State University IRB; Protocol #2021-1000.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Online platform data capture nationally representative and experienced samples.

    “Furthermore, data collected from online platforms capture nationally representative and experienced samples(Aguinis et al., 2021;Porter et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Aguinis et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Porter et al., 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The University of Missouri-Kansas City IRB approved the study under Protocol #2054902.

    “This study was approved by the University of Missouri-Kansas City Institutional Review Board (IRB); Protocol #2054902.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study grounded its hypothesized relationships in COR theory and SEMT arguments that support the causal direction of the model.

    “Moreover, we grounded our hypothesized relationships in theoretical arguments from COR theory and the SEMT that support the causal direction of our conceptual model.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
58 of 58

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Only limited research has examined how leisure crafting spills over into work-related tasks, particularly in self-employment.

    “However, scant research has explored the spillover effect that LC can have on work-related tasks, especially within the selfemployment context.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No study has yet examined how much entrepreneurs deliberately structure their leisure time or what effect leisure may have on entrepreneurial behavior.

    “Despite these findings, there has not been an examination of the extent to which entrepreneurs intentionally structure their leisure time and what impact leisure might have on entrepreneurial behavior.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Research at the intersection of leisure and business venturing in entrepreneurship is scarce.

    “Despite the clear connection between one's leisure and business venturing, entrepreneurship research at this interface is scarce.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior entrepreneurship research has concentrated almost entirely on work effort and has not studied how nonwork time affects the entrepreneurial process.

    “In studying this context, scholars have focused almost exclusively on entrepreneurs' efforts at work without examining how entrepreneurs' nonwork time may also influence the entrepreneurial process.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few studies have examined how leisure crafting affects people's work.

    “Despite this, scant research has investigated how LC influences individuals' work.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Study 2 coefficient and t statistic have opposite signs

    Minor

    In the second thriving-at-work model, sleep quantity has a positive coefficient and a positive standard error but a negative t statistic. Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 0.25, not −0.16.

    Reported -0.16 · recomputed 0.25

  • Study 1a marks a nonsignificant firm-age result as significant

    Minor

    Table 2 marks the opportunity-recognition firm-age coefficient with an asterisk, although its reported t statistic is 0.67. That t statistic does not meet the paper's stated p < 0.05 threshold.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

11 of the 203 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Geurts, 2003, Work/non-work interface: a review of theories and findings, 279
  2. Porter, 2019, The use of online panel data in management research: a review and recommendation, J. Manag., 45, 319

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hamrick, A. B., Paterson, T. A., Michaelis, T. L., Murnieks, C. Y., & Petrou, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Richmond (US)
  • Oregon State University (US)
  • Northern Illinois University (US)
  • University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
  • Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
Corresponding author
Hamrick, Alexander B.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Business Venturing
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-09
Volume
38
Issue
5
Pages
106327
ISSN
0883-9026 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106327
OpenAlex
W4381852977
Cited by
24
References
203
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10
FWCI
5.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Business Venturing (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
Keywords
leisure crafting, entrepreneurs, opportunity recognition, venture performance, thriving at work, leisure, entrepreneurial process, work-life balance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-30.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-30.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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