Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise

“В частности, авторы утверждают, что в олигополистических отраслях за лидерами рынка, инвестирующими за рубеж, следуют и их домашние конкуренты (Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“More specifically, Knickerbocker (1973) suggests that in oligopolistic environments companies will engage in the same countries as their competitors in order to avoid them predominating a domestic market or withhold viable sources.”

“with other studies which have found that firms in an industry tend to follow each other in overseas expansion (Knickerbocker 1973).”

“International expansion may also be undertaken to match the international market entry of a domestic competitor (Knickerbocker, 1973; Flowers, 1976; Yu and Ito, 1988), to counter foreign firms’ penetrating domestic markets (Graham, 1978; Porter, 1980; Karnani and Wernerfelt, 1985; Wernerfelt and…”

“First, FDI is driven by oligopolistic behavior as firms in concentrated industries follow each other into foreign markets (Hymer, 1960; Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“Some oligopoly models, for example, show that when rivals have an acute awareness of their mutual interdependence, they are more likely to collude and reduce rivalry against each other (Bernheim & Whinston, 1990; Edwards, 1955; Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“The argument of interdependence in OFDI among China’s provinces is also relevant to a strand of management literature that studies “following the leader” behavior in MNC investment in foreign markets (Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“…de las exportaciones en las empre-sas y que se agrupan en tres grandes componentes: características de la empresa (Hymer 1976), estructura productiva y de mercado (Knickerbocker 1973; Dun-ning 2001) y características de localización que están relacionadas con la teoría ecléctica (Dunning 1988).”

“Scholars such as Caves (1971) and Knickerbocker (1973) contributed complementary explanations emphasizing oligopolistic reactions, product life cycle dynamics, and technological advantages.”

“• Theory of following (Knickerbocker [35]).”

“…a capital market-based financial decision Many other theories are based on the same principles of market imperfection, such as the oligopolistic reaction theory by Knickerbocker (1973), the internalization theory by Buckley and Casson (1976) and the eclectic paradigm introduced by Dunning (1973).”

“La IED representa un trascendental recurso de financiamiento externo para la economía doméstica, así lo plantea Knickerbocker (1973) en la Teoría de la conducta imitativa de los oligopolios, refiriendo que las compañías de industrias oligopólicas gestionan estabilidad en el entorno nacional e…”

“The firms in those markets move altogether to sustain their oligopolistic status (Knickerbocker, 1973; Pennings et al., 2003).”

“) If Acciona had entered the Algerian market and Sadyt had not, this would have meant that when a new opportunity in Australia arose, if Sadyt and Acciona decided to bid for the tender to construct a plant, it would be more probable that Acciona were chosen as it would have acquired more experience thanks to its work…”

“Knickerbocker (1973) compare the study between the firm’s competition and the FDI.”

“It was found an oligopoly firm reacts immediately to competitor moves, by following “follow the leader” strategy, in order to create and maintain MMC and competitive parity (Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“Federic Knickerbocker [19] introduced “oligopolistic reaction” to explain FDI in terms of dynamics in oligopolistic industries.”

“His work on FDI has been corroborated and further developed by other studies [Kindleberger, 1969; Knickerbocker, 1973; Caves, 1974; Dunning, 1974; Cohen, 1975].”

“According to Knickerbocker (1973), the main reason of FDI is competitors’ foreign investments.”

“Knickerbocker (1973) explores the relationship between FDI and the competitive nature of firms in an oligopolistic industry.”

“In his pioneering work, Knickerbocker (1973) identifies agglomeration as an attractive local feature for firms competing in a single industry.”

“A Teoria da Reação Oligopolista, de Frederick Knickerbocker (1973) é um modelo para explicar como o comportamento de algumas firmas leva ao IDE e como elas se relacionam com a estrutura de mercado.”

“Second at, the industry level, the intra- industry herding behavior, competition, emulation and reactions (Knickerbocker 1973) could force early internationalization strategy across the industry and make other slower strategies inferior.”

“Firms doing business abroad are likely to incur some liability of foreignness (Knickerbocker, 1973; Zaheer and Mosakowski, 1997), even if the cultural distance to their target destination is relatively small.”

“At the same time a Greenfield strategy may be more attractive when a market is growing really fast (Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“모방대상 과점기업이 해 외진출을 통해 좋은 결과를 얻으면 해당 기업도 그러 할 것이고, 모방대상 과점기업이 좋지 않은 결과를 얻 으면 해당 기업도 그러할 것이기 때문에, 해외진출과 관련된 위험을 줄일 수 있다고 주장한다 (Knickerbocker, 1973; McDougall et al., 1994).”

“First, it shows how competitors’ expansion – as Knickerbocker (1973) suggests – prompted IH to manufacture in a pocket market like the Spanish one, though, as this multinational had learnt from the Russian case, not without certain firm guarantees first from the host country’s government.”

“CMB-COLEP was also a defensive oligopololistic reaction (Knickerbocker, 1973) by COLEP to protect the domestic market because CMB already owned six subsidiaries in the neighboring Spanish”

“…(e.g. Buckley and Casson, 1976), IO theory which associates monopolistic advantages of enterprises with market imperfections, entry barriers, etc. (e.g. Hymer, 1960; Caves, 1971; Lall, 1980) and oligopolistic reaction theory of enterprises as developed by Graham (1974) and Knickerbocker (1973).”

“Oligopolistic theory of FDI by Knickerbocker (1973) was also based on the assumptions of imperfect market competition.”

“To the extent that MNEs in oligopolistic industries feel a competitive pressure to copy their peers so they do not capture a major competitive advantage, these developments can impact these industries globally (Knickerbocher 1973).”

“…firm size, experience, managerial competence, financial resources, social networks, product adaptation, client demand, and oligopolistic reaction (Knickerbocker, 1973; Bilkey, 1978; Wiedersham-Paul et al., 1978; Erramilli, 1991; Calof, 1994; O’Farrell & Wood, 1994; Bloodgood et al., 1996; Buerki…”

“This echoes an earlier discussion relating to the positive effect of (oligopolistic) competition on the bargaining power of host economies vis-à-vis MNCs (Knickerbocker, 1973; Yamin, 1983).”

“With the pioneers paving the routes, MNEs will be driven by competitive pressure (Knickerbocker, 1973) and institutional isomorphism (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Guillen, 2002) among peers in their home country to enter a foreign market.”

“…視される進出先となっている（牛田・高橋, 2008）。一方， 中国に進出する日系企業は，制度変更や法の未整備（射 手矢・遠藤・張, 2004）等，進出時期や段階を問わず出 現する特有の問題に直面している。 従来の進出支援は，情報リストや，事例や体験談な ど，企業が単独で学習するアプローチが主体だった。し かし，現実のプロジェクトでは，各プロジェクトは多様 な文脈と状況を有し，このような情報やルールの応用に は限界がある。そこで近年，社外関係者との相互作用 （Sarala and Sumelius, 2005）やリスク最小化のための専 門家の参画（Lieberthal and…”

“According to the oligopolistic reaction theory, firms’ international activities are largely influenced by their competitors’ movement (Knickerbocker, 1973).”

“Scholars such as Kindleberger (1969) on the basis of monopolistic power, Knickerbocker (1973) on the basis 6 Labour and capital are considered to be mobile domestically but not across borders.”

“Knickerbocker (1973) examined the response by firms to the investment decisions of competitors.”