Cited by 747International Business and FDIMerger and Competition AnalysisBusiness Strategy and Innovation

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise

Knickerbocker, Frederick T.·1973·The International Executive

DOI 10.1002/tie.5060150205

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/tie.5060150205

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676 · Cited by 10,861
“Oligopolistic competition , however, lacks explanatory value at the firm level; we have to look for other features to explain variations in the level of international involvement among the several firms in a given oligopolistic industry (Horst, 1972; Knickerbocker, 1973 ).”
Background
Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests
Dunning, J. (1980) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490593 · Cited by 3,304
Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research
Phillips McDougall, P., Shane, S., & Oviatt, B. M. (1994) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/0883-9026(94)90017-5 · Cited by 1,691
“…seek to answer three crucial questions, first proposed by Hymer (1976) and subsequently reiterated by nearly all theorists (and textbook writers) on international business (Caves 1982; Vernon 1966; Johanson and Vahlne 1977; Knickerbocker 1973; Hennart 1982; Rugman 1981; Buckley and Casson 1976).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future
Dunning, J. H. (2001) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571510110051441 · Cited by 1,560
“Knickerbocker’s follow-my-leader or oligopolistic interaction approach (Knickerbocker, 1973) is entirely dependent on the existence of a particular type of market structure.”
Background
The Contributions of Industrial Organization To Strategic Management
Porter, M. (1981) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1981.4285706 · Cited by 1,448
The hypermodern MNC—A heterarchy?
Hedlund, G. (1986) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.3930250103 · Cited by 1,399
Why Do Firms Imitate Each Other?
Lieberman, M. B., & Asaba, S. (2006) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2006.20208686 · Cited by 1,180
“For example, many studies in the international business literature have documented the bunching of entry by foreign firms, as the assumed consequence of interfirm rivalry (e.g., Caves et al., 1980; Flowers, 1976; Knickerbocker, 1973; Yamawaki, 1998; Yu & Ito, 1988).”
INTERNATIONALIZATION AND FIRM GOVERNANCE: THE ROLES OF CEO COMPENSATION, TOP TEAM COMPOSITION, AND BOARD STRUCTURE.
Sanders, W. G., & Carpenter, M. A. (1998) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257100 · Cited by 940
Uncertainty, Imitation, and Plant Location: Japanese Multinational Corporations, 1990‐1996
Henisz, W. J., & Delios, A. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3094871 · Cited by 892
Analyzing Foreign Market Entry Strategies: Extending the Internalization Approach
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. (1998) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490006 · Cited by 875
International Expansion Strategy of Japanese Firms: Capability Building through Sequential Entry
Chang, S.-J. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256685 · Cited by 830
Social Capital in Multinational Corporations and a Micro-Macro Model of Its Formation
Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2003) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2003.9416356 · Cited by 676
The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment
Chang, S., & Rosenzweig, P. M. (2001) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.168 · Cited by 658
Determinants of foreign direct investment: A survey
Agarwal, J. (1980) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02696547 · Cited by 683
Pre-Export Activity: The First step in Internationalization
Wiedersheim‐Paul, F., Olson, H., & Welch, L. S. (1978) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490650 · Cited by 593
International versus domestic entrepreneurship: New venture strategic behavior and industry structure
McDougall, P. (1989) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/0883-9026(89)90009-8 · Cited by 603
Firm Ownership Preferences and Host Government Restrictions: An Integrated Approach
Gomes-Casseres, B. (1990) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490324 · Cited by 600
Competitive Dynamics: Themes, Trends, and a Prospective Research Platform
Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. (2012) · doi:10.1080/19416520.2012.660762 · Cited by 540
“…interdependencies among market players such as “red queen” traps of running hard just to keep up (Barnett, 1993; Haleblian, McNamara, Kolev, & Dykes, 2012; Hsih, Tsai, & Chen, 2011) and the “follow-the-leader” behaviors first examined by scholars of international business (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Background
The Internationalization of the Firm from an Entrepreneurial Perspective
Andersson, S. (2000) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2000.11656783 · Cited by 469
“The later development at Trelleborg could be explained by an oligopolistic reaction (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Background
Innovating through strategic alliances: moving towards international partnerships and contractual agreements
Narula, R., & Hagedoorn, J. (1999) · doi:10.26481/umamer.1998025 · Cited by 461
“…these companies have had to adopt policies that maximize their presence in not just those locations which are their primary markets, but also all those locations where their competitors are operating, in a variant of what is best described as a follow-my-leader strategy (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Influential
Which Way through the Open Door? Reflections on the Internationalization of Chinese Firms
Boisot, M. H., & Meyer, M. W. (2008) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00116.x · Cited by 442
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment a Tale of Nine Theoretical Models
Faeth, I. (2009) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00560.x · Cited by 454
Political Aspects of MNE Theory
Boddewyn, J. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490392 · Cited by 451
Strategic Responses to Global Climate Change: Conflicting Pressures on Multinationals in the Oil Industry
Levy, D. L., & Kolk, A. (2002) · Business and Politics · doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1042 · Cited by 442
“42 Chen and MacMillan (1992); Chen and Miller (1994); Knickerbocker (1973).”
Background
Determinants of Foreign Investment of U.S. Advertising Agencies
Terpstra, V., & Yu, C. J. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490373 · Cited by 397
“Empirical studies demonstrate that the concept of oligopolistic reaction contributes to the explanation of firms' FDI activities (Knickerbocker 1973; Flowers 1976; Yu and Ito 1986).”
Background
Internalization as a general theory of foreign direct investment: A re-appraisal of the literature
Rugman, A. (1980) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02696864 · Cited by 420
Risk and the strategy of foreign location choice in regulated industries
Canal, E. G., & Guillen, M. F. (2008) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.692 · Cited by 407
Internationalising in small, incremental or larger steps?
Barkema, H. G., & Drogendijk, R. H. (2007) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400315 · Cited by 363
“Companies in many industries are now racing to internationalise, entering regions such as South-East Asia, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (Knickerbocker, 1973; Hitt et al., 1998).”
Background
Regions, globalization, and the knowledge-based economy
Dunning, J. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0199250014.001.0001 · Cited by 386
“Most particular as explored by Knickerbocker (1973) in his 'follow my leader' hypothesis and Graham (1978) in his exchange of threats hypothesis.”
Background
The Limits of Explanation: Testing the Internalization Theory of the Multinationial Enterprise
Buckley, P. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490382 · Cited by 366
Trajectories of sustainability reporting by MNCs
Kolk, A. (2009) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.08.001 · Cited by 39
Antecedents and Performance Implications of Channel Integration in Foreign Markets
Aulakh, P. S., & Kotabe, M. “. (1997) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490096 · Cited by 335
Competition within and Between Networks: The Contingent Effect of Competitive Embeddedness on Alliance Formation
Gimeno, J. (2004) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/20159625 · Cited by 363
“A matching 2004 825Gimeno move is a risk-averse response to a competitor’s threatening action, a response intended to achieve competitive parity (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Background
What drives firms’ intent to seek strategic assets by foreign direct investment? A study of emerging economy firms
Cui, L., Meyer, K. E., & Hu, H. W. (2013) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2013.12.003 · Cited by 332
MANAGING INTERNATIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE: CEO CHARACTERISTICS IN RESOURCE-BASED FRAMEWORK.
Roth, K. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256733 · Cited by 311
“International firms increasingly face multipoint competition (Knickerbocker, 1973; Prahalad & Doz, 1987) that requires them to respond as integrated wholes.”
Background
Government Policies, Market Imperfections, and Foreign Direct Investment
Brewer, T. (1993) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490227 · Cited by 304
Platform Investments and Volatility Exchange Rates: Direct Investment in the U.S. by Japanese Electronic Companies
Kogut, B., & Chang, S.-J. (1996) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/2109924 · Cited by 299
International Activities in Small Firms: Examining Factors Influencing the Internationalization and Export Growth of Small Firms
Andersson, S., Gabrielsson, J., & Wictor, I. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1936-4490.2004.tb00320.x · Cited by 281
“Common assumptions are that firms are risk averse, that they go international to reduce risk (Knickerbocker, 1973), and that firms progress from domestic to international markets in an orderly and risk-averse manner (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977).”
Background
Local versus global mimetism: the dynamics of alliance formation in the automobile industry
Garcia‐Pont, C., & Nohria, N. (2002) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.225 · Cited by 296
Foreign Direct Investment and Investment under Uncertainty
Rivoli, P., & Salorio, E. (1996) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490138 · Cited by 288
A Synthesis of Foreign Direct Investment Theories and Theories of the Multinational Firm
Calvet, A. (1981) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490570 · Cited by 287
The Effects of Top Management Team Pay and Firm Internationalization on MNC Performance
Carpenter, M., & Sanders, W. G. (2004) · doi:10.1016/j.jm.2004.02.001 · Cited by 285
“As MNCs engage in multipoint competition they must be effective at intrafirm coordination and cooperation (Knickerbocker, 1973), then firm-level rewards, like those inherent in long-term compensation, should promote the cooperation (an important covariate and behavioral underpinning of…”
Background
A bibliometric analysis of born global firms
Dzikowski, P. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.054 · Cited by 341
“…(Hymer, 1976), product cycle theory (Vernon, 1966), stage theory of internationalization (Bilkey & Tesar, 1977), oligopolistic reaction theory (Knickerbocker, 1973) and internalization theory (Buckley & Casson, 1976), network theory (Granovetter, 1973, 1985), and effectuation theory…”
Background
Emerging multinationals, emerging theory: Macro- and micro-level perspectives
Gammeltoft, P., Barnard, H. C., & Madhok, A. (2010) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2010.03.001 · Cited by 250
“These EMNCs seem to be pursuing a ‘follow the leader’ (Knickerbocker, 1973) strategy, but the ‘leaders’ are not those firms with the richest internal resources, but instead the firms that are most similar to the investing EMNC.”
Background
Experience, imitation, and the sequence of foreign entry: wholly owned and joint-venture manufacturing by South Korean firms and business groups in China, 1987–1995
Guillén, M. F. (2003) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400016 · Cited by 253
“In a similar vein, the international business field has argued for an even longer time that, under certain circumstances, firms take each other’s experiences into account when making foreign entry decisions (Knickerbocker, 1973; Hymer, [1960] 1976; Caves, 1996).”
Risk and Uncertainty in Internationalisation and International Entrepreneurship Studies
Liesch, P. W., Welch, L. S., & Buckley, P. J. (2011) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-011-0107-y · Cited by 257
Research notes and communications a note on global strategies
Kogut, B. (1989) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250100407 · Cited by 251
Internationalization in different industrial contexts
Andersson, S. (2004) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.10.002 · Cited by 223
Choosing Between Internal and Non-internal R&D Activities: Some Technological and Economic Factors
Narula, R. (2001) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537320120088183 · Cited by 181
“Second, there is the follow-the-leader strategy, as originally highlighted by Knickerbocker (1973).”
Background
Place, space, and geographical exposure: Foreign subsidiary survival in conflict zones
Dai, L. Y., Eden, L., & Beamish, P. W. (2013) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.12 · Cited by 229
“…of the decisions of co-located peers amounts to herding behavior, which in foreign MNEs is motivated primarily by the need to prevent competitors from gaining advantage in a host country (Flowers, 1976), especially if those competitors can threaten interests back at home (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Environmental Reporting by Multinationals from the Triad: Convergence or Divergence?
Kolk, A. (2005) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-91005-9_9 · Cited by 199
Are Strategies for Foreign Markets Changing? The Case of Swedish Investment in Japan
Hedlund, G., & Kverneland, A. (1985) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.1985.11656408 · Cited by 193
Transatlantic Investment by Multinational Firms: A Rivalistic Phenomenon?
Graham, E. M. (1978) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.1978.11489095 · Cited by 234
Monopolistic Advantages and Foreign Involvement by U.S. Manufacturing Industry
Lall, S. (1980) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05228-8_1 · Cited by 231
Internationalization and Entry Modes: A Multitheoretical Framework and Research Propositions
Malhotra, N., Agarwal, J., & Ulgado, F. M. (2003) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.11.4.1.20144 · Cited by 225
“Knickerbocker (1973) observes the propensity of firms in an oligopolistic industry to move in tandem to maintain industry stability.”
Background
Oligopolistic Reaction and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of the U.S. Tire and Textiles Industries
Yu, C. J., & Ito, K. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490391 · Cited by 221
“Because the firms are mutually interdependent, the behavior of the firms will tend toward a pattern of action-reaction, move-countermove [Knickerbocker 1973].”
Background
Technological Capabilities of Countries, Firm Rivalry and Foreign Direct Investment
Anand, J., & Kogut, B. (1997) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490107 · Cited by 219
Poverty alleviation as business strategy? Evaluating commitments of frontrunner Multinational Corporations
Kolk, A., & van Tulder, R. J. M. (2006) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.005 · Cited by 192
Multinational Enterprises and Public Policy
Rugman, A., & Verbeke, A. (1998) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490028 · Cited by 195
Foreign Location Choice: Review and Extensions
Kim, J. U., & Aguilera, R. V. (2015) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12064 · Cited by 211
“…among rival firms is also studied from an industrial organization perspective as an oligopolistic reaction (Alcácer et al. 2013; Ito and Rose 2002; Knickerbocker 1973; Rose and Ito 2009), but institutional theory offers a sociological interpretation of the same phenomenon based on non-efficiency…”
Explaining the Clustering of International Expansion Moves: A Critical Test in the U.S. Telecommunications Industry
Gimeno, J., Hoskisson, R. E., Beal, B. D., & Wan, W. P. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.16928411 · Cited by 183
“We examined the clustering of international entry moves from a number of different theoretical perspectives, including competitive response (Knickerbocker, 1973), vicarious learning under uncertainty (Haunschild & Miner, 1997; Henisz & Delios, 2001), and legitimacyseeking response to isomorphic pressures (DiMaggio & P…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
How to identify liabilities of foreignness and assess their effects on multinational corporations
Mezias, J. M. (2002) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/s1075-4253(02)00069-8 · Cited by 182
Why are Some Organizations More Competitive than Others? Evidence from a Changing Global Market
Barnett, W. P., & Mckendrick, D. (2004) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4131490 · Cited by 186
“Globalization has been viewed as an outcome of oligopolistic competition, whereby the largest firms in concentrated industries drive foreign investment through a follow-the-leader process (Knickerbocker, 1973; Yu and Ito, 1988; Li and Guisinger, 1992).”
Background
The motives for international acquisitions: capability procurements, strategic considerations, and the role of ownership structures
Chen, S.-F. S. (2008) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400357 · Cited by 181
“MNEs can also buy out foreign rivals to consolidate market power, particularly in concentrated sectors marked by oligopolistic rivalry among a small number of players (Knickerbocker, 1973; Oster, 1990).”
Background
The diffusion of foreign divestment from Burma
Soule, S., Swaminathan, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2014) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2147 · Cited by 182
Political Risk: A Review and Reconsideration
Kobrin, S. J. (2017) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490631 · Cited by 180
Efficiency Motives and Normative Forces: Combining Transactions Costs and Institutional Logic:
Martinez, R. J., & Dacin, M. (1999) · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(99)80004-x · Cited by 180
Globalization of an ethnocentric firm: An evolutionary perspective
Malnight, T. W. (1995) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250160204 · Cited by 177
Explaining the Growth of E-Commerce Corporations (ECCs): An Extension and Application of the Eclectic Paradigm
Singh, N., & Kundu, S. K. (2002) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491039 · Cited by 176
The Internationalization of R & D and the Development of Global Research Networks
Howells, J. (1990) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343409012331346174 · Cited by 171
The 45 years of foreign direct investment research: Approaches, advances and analytical areas
Paul, J., & Singh, G. (2017) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12502 · Cited by 170
“Kindleberger (1969) and Knickerbocker (1973) argue that as multinational enterprises are logically inconsistent with pure competition, additional effects are needed to give a convincing explanation to their existence.”
How do managers decide on internationalization processes? The role of organizational slack and performance feedback
Lin, W.-T. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2013.08.001 · Cited by 169
Normative Observations on the International Value-Added Chain and Strategic Groups
Kogut, B. (1984) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490488 · Cited by 179
Agency Hazards and Alliance Portfolios
Reuer, J., & Ragozzino, R. (2006) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.446 · Cited by 165
/ RECREATING AND EXTENDING JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE BUYER-SUPPLIER LINKS IN NORTH AMERICA
Martin, X. D., Mitchell, W., & Swaminathan, A. (1995) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250160803 · Cited by 165
Form of investment by Nordic firms in world markets
Larimo, J. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00467-8 · Cited by 164
Unconventional foreign direct investment and the imbalance theory
Moon, H.-C., & Roehl, T. (2001) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/s0969-5931(00)00046-9 · Cited by 164
The effectiveness of headquarters-subsidiary relationships: The role of coordination, control, and conflict
Roth, K., & Nigh, D. (1992) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(92)90025-7 · Cited by 142
International Expansion of Telecommunication Carriers: The Influence of Market Structure, Network Characteristics, and Entry Imperfections
Sarkar, M., Cavusgil, S. T., & Aulakh, P. S. (1999) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490074 · Cited by 175
“First, in oligopolistic industries with a small number of players and a high level of strategic interdependence, firms tend to mimic one another (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
Background
Foreign direct investment in Turkey: regional determinants
Deichmann, J., Karidis, S., & Sayek, S. (2003) · doi:10.1080/0003684032000126780 · Cited by 157
“In his pioneering contribution, Knickerbocker (1973) identifies agglomeration as an attractive local feature for”
Background
Predictors of export strategy and performance of small- and medium-sized firms
Naidu, G. M., & Prasad, V. K. (1994) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/0148-2963(94)90075-2 · Cited by 140
A Comprehensive Review of Multimarket Competition Research
Yu, T., & Cannella, A. (2013) · doi:10.1177/0149206312462456 · Cited by 151
“For instance, Knickerbocker (1973) found that oligopolists, aware of their mutual interdependence, reacted quickly to imitate competitors’ moves to maintain competitive parity.”
Background
Rivalry Deterrence In International Markets: Contingencies Governing The Mutual Forbearance Hypothesis
Yu, T., Subramaniam, M., & Cannella, A. A. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.36461986 · Cited by 142
“firms, aware of their strategic interdependence, imitate rivals’ moves quickly in order to maintain competitive parity (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
BackgroundInfluential
Organization Science
Sine, W. (n.d.) · doi:10.4337/9781849807630.00024 · Cited by 151
“First, follower firms might react out of concern that early entrants could gain additional information about a potential market and use their first-mover status as an advantage (Knickerbocker 1973).”
Factors affecting the diffusion of integrated reporting – a UK FTSE 100 perspective
Robertson, F., & Samy, M. (2015) · Sustainability Accounting Management and Policy Journal · doi:10.1108/sampj-07-2014-0044 · Cited by 150
Best-fit Alliance Partners: The Use of Critical Success Factors in a Comprehensive Partner Selection Process
Cummings, J. L., & Holmberg, S. R. (2012) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.01.001 · Cited by 125
“For a discussion of how firms follow each others’ conduct, see (Park and Zhou, 2005; Yoffie, 1996; Schilling, 1998; Knickerbocker, 1973; Gomez-Casseres, 1996).”
Background
Towards strategic stakeholder management? Integrating perspectives on sustainability challenges such as corporate responses to climate change
Kolk, A., & Pinkse, J. (2007) · Corporate Governance · doi:10.1108/14720700710820452 · Cited by 145
Interdependent behavior in foreign direct investment: the multi-level effects of prior entry and prior exit on foreign market entry
Chan, C. M. S., Makino, S., & Isobe, T. (2006) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400216 · Cited by 132
Liability of foreignness to competitive advantage
Sethi, D., & Guisinger, S. E. (2002) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/s1075-4253(02)00067-4 · Cited by 140
INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: WHAT'S NEXT?
Earley, P. C., & Singh, H. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256682 · Cited by 164
At Last the Internationalization of Retail Banking? The Case of the Spanish Banks in Latin AmericaPreprint
Guillén, M. F., & Tschoegl, A. E. (1999) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.184874 · Cited by 68
“In the “oligopolistic reaction” pattern that Knickerbocker (1973) and Flowers (1976) first identified, a firm matches the location 22 choices of a rival in a pattern of move-countermove or action-reaction.”
Background
Tit for tat in small steps: the internationalization of Swedish banks
Engwall, L., & Wallenstål, M. (1988) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/0956-5221(88)90006-1 · Cited by 141
A Strategic Management Perspective on Host Country Structure of Multinational Enterprises
Tallman, S. (1992) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639201800302 · Cited by 132
From Disintegration to Reintegration: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in International Trade
Broadman, H. (2006) · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6197-9 · Cited by 131
The Political Economy of the Investment Treaty Regime
Bonnitcha, J., Poulsen, L. N. S., & Waibel, M. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/law/9780198719540.001.0001 · Cited by 354
Cultural distance, investment flow, and control in cross‐border cooperation
Lee, S., Shenkar, O., & Li, J. (2008) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.685 · Cited by 117
“Firms investing abroad are likely to incur some liability of foreignness (Knickerbocker, 1973; Zaheer and Mosakowski, 1997), even if the cultural distance to their target destination is relatively small.”
An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Industry Factors in the Internationalization Patterns of Firms
Grøgaard, B., Gioia, C., & Benito, G. R. G. (2013) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.2753/imo0020-8825430104 · Cited by 39
“First, in line with oligopolistic behavior frameworks (see e.g. Flowers, 1976; Graham, 1978; Knickerbocker, 1973) we find some evidence that concentrated home markets push firms to establishing subsidiaries abroad.”
Entrepreneurial decision-making in internationalization: Propositions from mid-size firms
Perks, K. J., & Hughes, M. (2008) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2007.10.001 · Cited by 126
“Strategic behaviour theory (Knickerbocker, 1973) is somewhat an extension of the market imperfection theory and offers the dynamics of international competition as an explanation for patterns of FDI.”
Background
The International Allocation of Research Activity by US Multinationals
Lall, S. (1979) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17952-7_3 · Cited by 125
The determinants of inward foreign direct investment: Evidence from the European regions
Castro, J. V., & Maza, A. (2014) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.07.008 · Cited by 101
“Caves (1971) and Knickerbocker (1973) employed a similar approach, with the former focusing on product differentiation and the latter on oligopoly rivalry.”

Authors: Knickerbocker, F. T.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Knickerbocker, Frederick T.
Venue: The International Executive
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1973-03
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Pages: 7-9
ISSN: 0020-6652 (ISSN-L)
1522-709X
DOI: 10.1002/tie.5060150205
OpenAlex: W4292490918
Cited by: 747
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 18.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 12398 d)
Locations: The International Executive (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategy and Innovation
Keywords: oligopoly, multinational corporations, international business strategy, market competition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks