The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 138 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 29 of the 72 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
“Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
For decades, cognitive and behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been tested in randomized controlled trials for specific psychiatric syndromes that were assumed to represent expressions of latent diseases. Although these protocols were more effective as compared to psychological control conditions, placebo treatments, and even active pharmacotherapies, further advancement in efficacy and dissemination has been inhibited by a failure to focus on processes of change. This picture appears now to be evolving, due both to a collapse of the idea that mental disorders can be classified into distinct, discrete categories, and to the more central attention given to processes of change in newer, so-called “third-wave” CBTs. Here we review the context for this historic progress and evaluate the impact of these newer methods and models, not as protocols for treating syndromes, but as ways of targeting an expanded range of processes of change. Five key features of “third-wave” therapies are underlined: a focus on context and function; the view that new models and methods should build on other strands of CBT; a focus on broad and flexible repertoires vs. an approach to signs and symptoms; applying processes to the clinician, not just the client; and expanding into more complex issues historically more characteristic of humanistic, existential, analytic, or system-oriented approaches. We argue that these newer methods can be considered in the context of an idiographic approach to process-based functional analysis. Psychological processes of change can be organized into six dimensions: cognition, affect, attention, self, motivation and overt behavior. Several important processes of change combine two or more of these dimensions. Tailoring intervention strategies to target the appropriate processes in a given individual would be a major advance in psychiatry and an important step toward precision mental health care. © 2021 World Psychiatric Association
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39 Own interpretation · 21 No full text of the sources · 14 Partly supported · 9 Sources not found · 7 Couldn’t confirm · 5 Supported · 4 No basis given · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO 2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it 26”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] 26. Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk JJ et al. The effi- cacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res 2012;36:427-40. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Anxiety Disorders section discusses treatments for panic disorder, but not an experiment involving inhaled CO2, an inoperative dial, or perceived control. Searches for the dial experiment and for perceived control during CO2 inhalation found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“biomedical treatments are becoming more generic rather than more specific”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Andrews PW, Kornstein SG, Halberstadt LJ et al. Blue again: perturbational effects of antidepres- sants suggest monoaminergic homeostasis in major depression. Front Psychol 2011;2:159. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study Overview and Discussion address antidepressant drugs, treatment resistance, and relapse, not whether biomedical treatments are becoming more generic rather than more specific. Searches for that wording and for treatment specificity found no passage addressing the claimed trend; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
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In the paper
“effect size improvements for both psychosocial and biomedical interventions are minimal or absent 3”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] 3. Andrews PW, Kornstein SG, Halberstadt LJ et al. Blue again: perturbational effects of antidepres- sants suggest monoaminergic homeostasis in major depression. Front Psychol 2011;2:159. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion’s “Modest efficacy of ADMs during acute therapy” section says antidepressant drugs have limited efficacy during acute treatment. It does not establish minimal or absent effect-size improvements for psychosocial interventions, or for biomedical interventions generally (page not provided in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A consensus appears to be emerging that what is most needed is enough healthy psychological distance from thought, so that beliefs and cognitive constructions are not excessively entangling, either through avoidance and suppression, or attachment and rigid adoption 81,82 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] 81. Vowles KE, McCracken LA, Eccleston C. Patient functioning and catastrophizing in chronic pain: the mediating effects of acceptance. Health Psy- chol 2008;27:136-43. source
- Partly supportedcites [82] 82. Kalia V, Knauft K. Emotion regulation strate- gies modulate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on perceived chronic stress with implications for cognitive flexibility. PLoS One 2020;15:0235412. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes reappraisal as changing how one frames an event, and the Discussion links expressive suppression to inflexible appraisal of stressors. These passages support a preference for flexible reappraisal over suppression, but they do not establish an emerging consensus that healthy psychological distance from thought is what is most needed, or address attachment to beliefs and their rigid adoption. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In a multidisciplinary, multicomponent, group-based CBT program for adults with chronic pain, pre-treatment measures of psychological flexibility (the core process target of ACT) predicted ultimate outcomes, and change in each of the aspects of psychological flexibility measured in the study (acceptance, cognitive defusion, values, committed action) separately mediated outcomes 58 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [58] 58. Klepac RK, Ronan GF, Andrasik F et al. Guide- lines for cognitive behavioral training within doctoral psychology programs in the United States: report of the inter-organizational task force on cognitive and behavioral psychology doctoral education. Behav Ther 2012;43:687-97. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Overall Framework for Clinical Training lists defusion, acceptance, and values clarification as clinical training topics, but does not report a chronic-pain study or its outcomes (page unavailable). Searches for chronic pain, pre-treatment psychological flexibility, and the described group-based CBT program found no passage stating that baseline measures predicted outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, the majority of known behavioral targets have roots in early behavior therapy, such as restriction of safety behaviors, behavioral activation, problem-solving, social skills, planning, or reductions in impulsivity 106 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Overt behavior
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [106] 106. Dietz LJ, Weinberg RJ, Brent DA et al. Family- based interpersonal psychotherapy for de- pressed preadolescents: examining efficacy and potential treatment mechanisms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:191-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Treatment Conditions passage (page not provided) describes problem-solving, rehearsed communication skills for peer interactions, and a plan for depression recurrence. It does not say that these are among the majority of known behavioral targets or trace them to early behavior therapy; the cited passages also do not address safety behaviors, behavioral activation, or impulsivity. (LLM, conf=0.79)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, cognitive defusion appears to mediate depression outcome for ACT more than for CBT 56 , while outcomes of traditional CBT for chronic pain are mediated by pain acceptance, even though this is not deliberately targeted by traditional CBT protocols 57 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [56] 56. Åkerblom S, Perrin S, Fischer MR et al. The me- diating role of acceptance in multidisciplinary cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. J Pain 2015;16:606-15. source
Citation 57 is attached to the second clause, not the claim about cognitive defusion and ACT. The paper’s Abstract reports pain-related acceptance as a mediator of outcomes in a CBT-based chronic-pain program, and its discussion describes the treatment as based on a traditional CBT model and not specifically designed to target acceptance (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Social processes that can vary between cultural groups, such as forms of social support, or styles of family functioning, are known empirically to mediate outcomes 112 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Processes of change at other level of analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [112] 112. Acosta MC, Possemato K, Maisto SA et al. Web- delivered CBT reduces heavy drinking in OEF- OIF veterans in primary care with symptomatic substance use and PTSD. Behav Ther 2017;48: 262-76. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Mediation analyses; page not provided) report that social support partially mediated the treatment effect on heavy-drinking days among OEF-OIF veterans. The paper does not report mediation by family functioning or examine variation between cultural groups, so it supports only the social-support example, not the broader claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, DBT skills include methods of self-regula-tion mediating outcomes of the therapy in the area of suicidality 104 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Overt behavior
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [104] 104. Neacsiu AD, Rizvi SL, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy skills use as a mediator and outcome of treatment for borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther 2010;48:832-9. source
The paper describes DBT skills as including emotion-regulation and distress-tolerance skills (Abstract). Its Discussion reports that skills use fully mediated the likelihood of suicide attempts and partially mediated the likelihood of nonsuicidal self-injury. No page numbers are provided in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is also known that processes of change such as emotional acceptance are themselves mediated by the connectivity strength between brain areas known to relate to difficult emotional responses 109 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Processes of change at other level of analysis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] 109. Eack SM, Newhill CE, Keshavan MS. Cognitive Enhancement Therapy improves resting-state functional connectivity in early course schizo- phrenia. J Soc Soc Work Res 2016:7;211-30. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page unavailable) reports that changes in connectivity mediated CET-related improvements in emotion perception and emotion regulation in people with early-course schizophrenia. The paper does not examine emotional acceptance or establish the broader claim about difficult emotional responses; its mediation finding concerns specific treatment outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While the nomothetically-based pauci-variate, linear and unidirectional nature of mediation needs ultimately to be put aside in favor of idiographic complex network analysis 72 , that literature provides an empirical foundation for the steps that are now called for in evidence-based care.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > INTEGRATING THESE SENSITIVITIES INTO PROCESS-BASED CBT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [72] 72. Hayes SC, Hofmann SG, Stanton CE. Process- based functional analysis can help behavioral science step up to the challenges of novelty: COVID-19 as an example. J Contextual Behav Sci 2020;18:128-45. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Functional analysis reimagined” (page unavailable), the paper calls for a dynamically sensible view of mediation that can be applied idiographically. In “An extended evolutionary form of process-based functional analysis” (page unavailable), it advocates complex networks with potentially bidirectional relationships. It does not characterize mediation as pauci-variate or say mediation should be put aside altogether; it instead calls for refining mediation and continues to use mediational findings. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“If only studies of mediation within randomized controlled trials are examined, more than 1,000 significant findings can be identified, encompassing more than 100 processes of change 71 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > INTEGRATING THESE SENSITIVITIES INTO PROCESS-BASED CBT
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [71] 71. Hofmann SG, Curtiss JE, Hayes SC. Beyond linear mediation: toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes. Clin Psy- chol Rev 2020;76:101824. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract identifies mediation analysis of randomized controlled trials as a principal approach to studying processes of change. But our copy does not give counts of significant findings or distinct processes; searches for the claimed figures and equivalent terms found no supporting passage. The available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, cognitive defusion appears to mediate depression outcome for ACT more than for CBT 56 , while outcomes of traditional CBT for chronic pain are mediated by pain acceptance, even though this is not deliberately targeted by traditional CBT protocols 57 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [57] 57. Åkerblom S, Perrin S, Rivano Fischer M et al. Pre- dictors and mediators of outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain: the contri- butions of psychological flexibility. J Behav Med 2021;44:111-22. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (passages 5 and 7; page not provided) says pain-related acceptance is not a target of traditional CBT and identifies it as a potential therapeutic process in a traditional-CBT-based program. It contributed to changes in pain interference and depression, but the results passage (6) says it was not related to pain intensity in the multivariate analyses. The claim therefore overgeneralizes across outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, we have already proposed such a system based on an extended evolutionary account 123 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > ANALYZING PROCESSES OF CHANGE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [123] 123. Hayes SC, Hofmann SG, Ciarrochi J. A process- based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment: the conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary model. Clin Psychol Rev 2020:82;101908. source
The Abstract says that processes of change need to be organized and proposes a multi-dimensional, multi-level extended evolutionary approach. The “Implications for the Future of Clinical Science” section describes the EEMM as a model of models rooted in evolutionary science, supporting the claim that the authors proposed such a system. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
In the paper
“This program has been highly successful: not counting dropouts and refusals, about one in two individuals using an IAPT program for depression, anxiety or other mental health problems recover, and as many as two in three show considerable improvements 29”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Jacobson NS, Martell CR, Dimidjian S. Behavioral activation treatment for depression: returning to contextual roots. Clin Psychol 2001;8:255-70. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In broad terms, this model has empirical support, and cognitive content is indeed known to impact syndromal signs and symptoms 24”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] 24. Rapee RM, Mattick R, Murrell E. Cognitive me- diation in the affective components of spontane- ous panic attacks. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1986;17:245-54. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Close to 300 meta-analytic studies have examined CBT for a large range of DSMdefined problems, with the strongest support for anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress 27”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27] 27. National Health Service. Adult Improving Ac- cess to Psychological Therapies program, 2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/mental-health/ adults/iapt/.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Just in the area of ACT, there are currently over 420 randomized controlled trials 48 and about 80 meta-analyses 49 , covering a wide variety of topics, from mental health to physical health, sport, social change, and high performance.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Association for Contextual Behavioral Science. State of the ACT evidence. https://contextualsci- ence.org/state_of_the_act_evidence.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. Arch JJ, Eifert GH, Davies C et al. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment ther- apy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2012;80:750-65.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, panic patients who were informed about the effects of CO 2 inhalation reported less anxiety and fewer catastrophic thoughts than uninformed individuals 25”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Sanderson WC, Rapee RM, Barlow DH. The in- fluence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide- enriched air. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:157- 62. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, those with anxiety issues alone did better with traditional CBT, while those with both anxiety and depression issues did better with ACT 51 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] 51. Davies CD, Niles AN, Pittig A et al. Physiological and behavioral indices of emotion dysregulation as predictors of outcome from cognitive behav- ioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015;46:35-43. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The field appears to be ready to move toward person-focused, evidence-based care models that target core change processes based on testable theories instead of latent disease entities that are moved by evidence-based intervention protocols.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Mental disorders cannot be classified into distinct, discrete categories.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If such processes exist but can lead to a myriad of forms, or a myriad of processes can lead to similar forms, the syndromal strategy to reach clinical utility will likely fail”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE LATENT DISEASE MODEL OF PSYCHIATRY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Mental disorders cannot be classified into distinct, discrete categories.
In the paper
“Clark's model conceptualized panic attacks as a consequence of the catastrophic misinterpretation of certain bodily sensations, such as palpitations and breathlessness 23”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] 23. Hofmann SG. Toward a cognitive-behavioral classification system for mental disorders. Behav Ther 2014;45:576-87.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The basic model posits that therapeutic strategies to change these maladaptive cognitions lead to changes in emotional distress and problematic behaviors.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the cognitive and behavioral wings of CBT began with a personspecific process orientation”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that these newer methods can be considered in the context of an idiographic approach to process-based functional analysis.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Psychological processes of change can be organized into six dimensions: cognition, affect, attention, self, motivation and overt behavior.
In the paper
“According to Beck's model, these maladaptive cognitions include general beliefs, or schemas, about the world, the self and the future, giving rise to specific and automatic thoughts in particular situations 19”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Ellis A. Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1962.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tailoring intervention strategies to target the appropriate processes in a given individual would be a major advance in psychiatry and an important step toward precision mental health care.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Psychological processes of change can be organized into six dimensions: cognition, affect, attention, self, motivation and overt behavior.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, pharmacological treatments can be effective in reducing the frequency of panic attacks if they reduce the frequency of bodily fluctuations which can trigger panic, or if they block the bodily sensations which accompany anxiety.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "SECOND WAVE" OF CBT
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This association brought together more than a dozen professional societies to develop guidelines for integrated education and training in cognitive and behavioral psychology 59 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Kazdin AE, Blasé SL. Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspect Psychol Sci 2011;6:21- 37. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, exposure is now more about values-based new learning than about emotional habituation per se.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > The view that new models and methods should build on other strands of CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A more controversial but important focus is the therapeutic alliance, which mediates outcomes across a variety of psychosocial interventions, but which also appears to have its impact in part because it promotes internalization of psychological processes of change such as acceptance, non-judgment, or maintaining a values focus 113,114 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Processes of change at other level of analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] 113. Gifford EV, Kohlenberg B, Hayes SC et al. Does acceptance and relationship-focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of FAP and ACT for smoking cessation. Behav Ther 2011;42:700-15. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] 114. Walser RD, Karlin BE, Trockel M et al. Training in and implementation of acceptance and com- mitment therapy for depression in the Veterans Health Administration: therapist and patient out- comes. Behav Res Ther 2013;51:555-63. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, all of these strategic assumptions in the generations of CBT under-emphasize genetic, epigenetic and neurobiological processes, or the sociocultural processes, that are involved in human functioning.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The flexible and functional attentional focus of MCT, the values work of ACT, the emotional regulation skills of DBT, the present focus of MBCT, can apply to virtually any life situation, not just narrowly conceived clinical pathology.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > A focus on broad and flexible repertoires vs. signs and symptoms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An integrative cycle has begun that we argue may be able to carry not just CBT forward, but the entire field of evidencebased intervention science.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As these core commitments have been given expression, a large body of evidence has emerged on processes of change.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > INTEGRATING THESE SENSITIVITIES INTO PROCESS-BASED CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, rather than using it to challenge and change specific thoughts, thought recording is for decentering or defusion purposes -noting thoughts so as to reduce their automatic impact.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > The view that new models and methods should build on other strands of CBT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, cognitive reappraisal is now focused more on cognitive flexibility and the utility of a variety of available constructions rather than on noticing and eliminating most or all cognitive errors.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > The view that new models and methods should build on other strands of CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cognitive defusion (i.e., the ability to experience thoughts with a sense of distance from them, so as to diminish their automatic behavioral impact) mediated worry, behavioral avoidance, and quality of life outcomes in both conditions, but more strongly predicted worry reductions in CBT than in ACT 55 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" OF CBT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Zettle RD, Rains JC, Hayes SC. Processes of change in acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for depression: a media- tional reanalysis of Zettle and Rains (1989). Be- hav Modif 2011;35:265-83. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Empirically speaking, psychological processes of change can be roughly organized into six dimensions, which we will consider in turn.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > INTEGRATING THESE SENSITIVITIES INTO PROCESS-BASED CBT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much in the same way that cognitive methods were assimilated into behavior therapy as a larger evolution of the tradition, virtually all of these changes have been assimilated over the last 15 years into the core of CBT writ large.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE "THIRD WAVE" AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, what is needed is enough cognitive flexibility 81 , so that an array of possibly useful constructions are available in a given situation and the person can learn what is most useful in that context.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > Cognition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] 81. Vowles KE, McCracken LA, Eccleston C. Patient functioning and catastrophizing in chronic pain: the mediating effects of acceptance. Health Psy- chol 2008;27:136-43. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying processes of change has been the implicit agenda of intervention science from the beginning -it is time to make that agenda the explicit core of our field.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This does not argue that therapists can be merely eclectic, because different models may rely on contradictory philosophical assumptions and theoretical concepts.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some ways this represents a throw-back to earlier days in CBT, but it is occurring now with new concepts, measures, empirical approaches and analytic methods.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We believe that a process-based approach represents a paradigm shift in intervention science.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the controversy over the”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This can only fully happen if the field at large moves in a process-based direction.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The field appears to be ready to move toward personfocused, evidence-based care models that target core change processes based on testable theories, instead of latent disease entities that are moved by evidence-based intervention protocols.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the strategic approaches to evidence-based interventions have an ultimate purpose of understanding the processes that account for the origin, development, maintenance and change of adaptive or maladaptive human functioning.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PBT marks an era that is more open, theoretically coherent, philosophically clear, broadly focused, and idiographic.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these changes were greatly amplified by the arrival of the”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intervention science has arguably re ached a tipping point as a new process-based paradigm is emerging 70 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70] 70. Hayes SC, Ciarrochi J, Hofmann SG et al. How change happens: what the world's literature on the mediators of therapeutic change can teach us. Presented at the Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference, Erickson Foundation, December 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In contrast to the protocol-for-syndromes approach, PBT targets theoretically derived and empirically supported processes that are known to be responsible for positive treat-ment change, thus ensuring the treatment utility 127 of the approach.”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] 127. Hayes SC, Nelson RO, Jarrett R. Treatment utility of assessment: a functional approach to evalu- ating the quality of assessment. Am Psychol 1987;42:963-74. DOI:10.1002/wps.20884 20515545, 2021, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.20884 by Mount Vernon Nazarene University, Wiley Online Library on [22/06/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mental disorders cannot be classified into distinct, discrete categories.
“a collapse of the idea that mental disorders can be classified into distinct, discrete categories”
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychological processes of change can be organized into six dimensions: cognition, affect, attention, self, motivation and overt behavior.
“Psychological processes of change can be organized into six dimensions: cognition, affect, attention, self, motivation and overt behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changes in brain connectivity mediate the impact of some cognitive interventions.
“At the bio-physiological level, for example, changes in brain connectivity have already been shown to mediate the impact of some cognitive interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
You cannot teach what you cannot do.
“In part, this is because the methods are arguably more experiential, and there is the belief that you cannot teach what you cannot do.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Beyond traditional CBT, third-wave behavioral therapies, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), metacognitive therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [176,177], offer promising avenues for increasing resilience to uncertainty [176].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [176]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Firstly, our intervention directly targets hypothesized change mechanisms instead of specific symptom content and hence follows a current promising paradigm shift in intervention science toward process-based treatments (13, 75, 144).”
From Developing a mechanism-based therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms: an Intervention Mapping approach (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“third-wave approaches focus on adapting the relationship between the individual and their mental processes as well as targeting broader values and life goals [18]”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Third-wave psychological treatments such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [18] may be particularly well suited to VR.”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Third-wave cognitive behavioral therapies are effective in managing burnout.”
From Effects of Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Healthcare Professionals’ Burnout: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > THE LATENT DISEASE MODEL OF PSYCHIATRY
“The DSM-5 is clear about this ultimate goal: "The diagnosis of mental disorders should have clinical utility: it should help clinicians to determine prognosis, treatment plans, and potential treatment outcomes for their patients" 6 .”
§ FORUM -"THIRD-WAVE" COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AS A STEP TOWARD PRECISION MENTAL HEALTH CARE "Third-wave" cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry > References
“6. Lingiardi V, Williams N. The psychodynamic di- agnostic manual -2nd edition. New York: Guil- ford, 2017.”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Self-citation(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631
(2001) · Cited by 3,666
The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1 · Cited by 3,445
Self-citationPsychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,406
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Kupfer DJ, 2002, A research agenda for DSM‐V
- Lingiardi V, 2017, The psychodynamic diagnostic manual – 2nd edition
- Wells A., 2000, Emotional disorders and metacognition: innovative cognitive therapy
- Segal ZV, 2004, Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive behavioral tradition, 45
- HayesSC CiarrochiJ HofmannSGet al.How change happens: what the world’s literature on the mediators of therapeutic change can teach us. Presented at the Evolution of Psychotherapy Conference Erickson Foundation December2020.
- Hayes SC, 2019, A liberated mind: how to pivot towards what matters
- Bonow JT, 2011, “Idionomographic” assessments: the future of clinical behavior analytic research and practice?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stein, D. J., Shoptaw, S. J., Vigo, D. V., Lund, C., Cuijpers, P., Bantjes, J., Sartorius, N., & Maj, M. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20998 · Cited by 331
Solmi, M., Monaco, F., Højlund, M., Monteleone, A. M., Trott, M., Firth, J., Carfagno, M., Eaton, M., Toffol, M. D., Vergine, M., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21182 · Cited by 307
“DBT is one of the “third wave” psychotherapies, which include CBT elements (i.e., skills training, exposure, self monitoring) but focus more on the context and on interpersonal functioning, which are maintaining factors of EDs 87,88 .”
BackgroundRandomized Trial of a Generative AI Chatbot for Mental Health Treatment
Heinz, M. V., Mackin, D. M., Trudeau, B. M., Bhattacharya, S., Wang, Y., Banta, H. A., Jewett, A. D., Salzhauer, A. J., Griffin, T. Z., & Jacobson, N. C. (2025) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aioa2400802 · Cited by 287
“Beginning in 2019, we started developing Therabot, a Gen-AI chatbot trained using expertly written therapist–patient dialogues based on third-wave CBT, 23 integrating empirically grounded contextual and functional approaches to mental health problems.”
Hayes, S. C., Ciarrochi, J., Hofmann, S. G., Chin, F., & Sahdra, B. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104155 · Cited by 234
Self-citationLeichsenring, F., Abbass, A. A., Heim, N., Keefe, J. R., Kisely, S. R., Luyten, P., Rabung, S., & Steinert, C. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21104 · Cited by 157
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-09-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 363-375
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC8429332
- OpenAlex
- W3197295322
- Semantic Scholar
- acbaf9d8d35e030f9047a515b719e00a230fa37a
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 23.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy, change processes, idiographic approach, motivation, attention, self, affect, cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, psychiatric syndromes, psychiatric classification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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