Hypothesis-Consistent Testing and Semantic Priming in the Anchoring Paradigm: A Selective Accessibility Model
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The selective accessibility model proposes that the anchor primes semantically consistent knowledge, such that additional deliberation deepens rather than corrects the anchor's influence.
“The selective accessibility model (Mussweiler and Strack 1999) proposes that the anchor primes semantically consistent knowledge, such that additional deliberation deepens rather than corrects the anchor's influence.”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Mussweiler and Strack 1999
Once an anchor is set, additional deliberation tends to build a case for the anchor's conclusion rather than question it.
“Anchoring is particularly important because it explains why thinking harder does not fix the problem: once an anchor is set, additional deliberation tends to build a case for the anchor's conclusion rather than question it (Tversky and Kahneman 1974;Mussweiler and Strack 1999).”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Mussweiler and Strack 1999
The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic specifies that when a salient anchor is provided, subsequent reasoning is selectively biased toward anchor-consistent information, and adjustments are systematically insufficient.
“The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic specifies that when a salient anchor is provided, subsequent reasoning is selectively biased toward anchor-consistent information, and adjustments are systematically insufficient (Tversky and Kahneman 1974;Mussweiler and Strack 1999).”
From Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making (2026) · cites this paper as Mussweiler and Strack 1999
Cites
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810 · see citing works
Grice, H. P. (1975) · Speech Acts · doi:10.1163/9789004368811_003 · Cited by 23,221 · see citing works
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926 · see citing works
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · see citing works
Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.2.263 · Cited by 2,379 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Time pressure heightens need for closure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996) which in turn decreases the amount of knowledge that people consider before forming a judgment (cf. Mayseless & Kruglanski, 1987; see also Strack, Erber, & Wicklund, 1982).”
Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing
Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.211 · Cited by 2,094 · see citing works
Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Self-citationMental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
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The trouble with overconfidence.
Moore, D. A., & Healy, P. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.502 · Cited by 2,358 · see citing works
A literature review of the anchoring effect
Furnham, A., & Boo, H. C. (2011) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2010.10.008 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments Are Insufficient
Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01704.x · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Mussweiler, T., Strack, F., & Pfeiffer, T. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002611010 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationEnglich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205282152 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Self-citationThe anchoring bias reflects rational use of cognitive resources
Lieder, F., Griffiths, T. L., M. Huys, Q. J., & Goodman, N. D. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1286-8 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
When every day is a high school reunion: Social media comparisons and self-esteem.
Midgley, C., Thai, S., Lockwood, P., Kovacheff, C., & Page-Gould, E. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000336 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Adaval, R., & Wyer, R. S. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.2.355 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making
Shrestha, S., Ahn, E., & Vorobeychik, Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society · doi:10.1609/aies.v9i4.43309
- Authors
- Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 136-164
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130953635
- Cited by
- 585
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- anchoring effect, semantic priming, absolute judgment, knowledge accessibility
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