Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic
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Es wird von drei Experimenten berichtet, die zeigen, daß Individuen subjektiv erlebtes Erinnerungsvermögen als Information bei der Bewertung der Bedeutung des Erinnerten benutzen. Besonders diejenigen Testpersonen, die sich an Situationen erinnern sollten, in denen sie sich positiv verhielten und sich wohlfühlten, schätzten sich im Rückblick positiver ein als Personen, die sich Situationen ins Gedächtnis rufen sollten, in denen sie sich nicht positiv verhielten und sich unsicher fühlten. Dieser Effekt der Wertigkeit der Erinnerung bestand jedoch nur bei denjenigen Testpersonen, die sich an sechs Beispiele der betreffenden Wertigkeit erinnern sollten, was ihnen leichtfiel. Wenn sich die Personen an zwölf Beispiele erinnern sollten, was sie schwierig fanden, kehrte sich die Wirkung der Wertigkeit ins Gegenteil um. In diesem Fall berichteten die Testpersonen eher von einem positiven Gefühl bei der Erinnerung an Beispiele negativen als an Beispiele positiven Verhaltens. Offensichtlich kamen sie zu dem Schluß, daß die Verhaltensweisen, an die sie sich erinnerten, nicht häufig oder typisch sein konnten, wenn sie nur schwierig ins Gedächtnis zu rufen waren (Experimente 1 und 2). In Übereinstimmung mit dieser Interpretation wurde die Wirkung des erlebten Erinnerungsvermögens ausgeschaltet, wenn die Testpersonen ihre subjektiven Erfahrungen irrigerweise auf die Wirkung vorübergehender äußerer Einflüsse zurückführen konnten (Experiment 3). Diskutiert werden die Konsequenzen für das Wirken besonders der Verfügbarkeitsheuristik und der Funktionen subjektiver Erfahrungen als Information im allgemeinen. (ICAübers)
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The challenges of using LLMs do not negate their applicability in psychological research.
“While these challenges do not negate the applicability of LLMs in psychological research, they do highlight the need for robust, standardized methods akin to those used in traditional human research (124, 127).”
From Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research (2024) · cites this paper as [127]
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- Authors
- Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A.
- Affiliations
- Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-08
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 195-202
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2147792648
- Cited by
- 1,412
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ssoar.info
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- availability heuristic, ease of retrieval, subjective experience, self-assessment, positive and negative memories, typicality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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