Cited by 1,877Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Toward a Comprehensive Model of Change

Prochaska, James O., Diclemente, Carlo C.·1986·Treating Addictive Behaviors

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1

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Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390 · Cited by 9,098
Self-citation
Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment
(1978) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(78)90042-3 · Cited by 3,956
Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0088437 · Cited by 3,922
Self-citation
The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy
Sporakowski, M. J., Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584540 · Cited by 1,976
Self-citation
Systems of psychotherapy a transtheoretical analysis
Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2010) · Cited by 1,487
Self-citation
Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles.
McConnaughy, E. A., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1983) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0090198 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citation
Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status.
Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.5.1279 · Cited by 952
Self-citation
Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance
DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1982) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90038-7 · Cited by 764
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Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. (1985). Stages of change in alcoholism treatment: Measurement and profiles. Manuscript in preparation.
Goldfried, M. (1982). Converging themes in psychotherapy. New York: Springer.
McConnaughy, E., Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1984). Replication of the stages of change in psychotherapy. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1979). Cigarette smoking as a dependence process (National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph series, DHEW, Monograph 23, 194 pg.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Olcott, P. (1985). Perceived change processes in successful weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rhode Island.
Parloff, M. (1976, February). Shopping for the right therapy. Saturday Review, pp. 14–16.
Prochaska, J., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1985). Patterns of self-change in smoking cessation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.

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“Some also advanced that the Precontemplation/Contemplation stages from the Stages of Change model (SOC; Prochaska & DiClemente 1986) were used interchangeably with ambivalence.”
Method
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“…(not currently considering change), contemplation (ambivalent about change), preparation (some experiences with change and trying to change), action (practicing new behavior), and maintenance (continued commitment to sustaining new behavior) (Prochaska & DiClimente, 1986; Prochaska et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A family‐based intervention to increase consumption of starchy foods
Adamson, A., Curtis, P. J., Loughridge, J., Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Spendiff, A., & Mathers, J. C. (2000) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/00346650010304729 · Cited by 12
“Questions based on the psychological models; stage of change (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986), self-efficacy (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) and theory of planned behaviour”
Method
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Heather, N. (1994) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00948.x · Cited by 12
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Orford, J. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6624.729 · Cited by 12
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“Addington and colleagues (1999) found that persons with schizophrenia in the later stages of Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1986) stages of change, had better substance abuse and treatment outcomes.”
Background
Radioactive iodine as an adjunct to the surgical management of diseases of the thyroid.
DOBYNS, B. M. (1951) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions
Yardley, L., Morrison, L. G., Müller, I., & Bradbury, K. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.025 · Cited by 11
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“…back into the old ways that I was doing. nal of Forensic Nursing Copyright © 2021 International Association of Forensic Nurses Internalmotivation to abstain from future druguse and criminal activity is a major component in changing individual behavior (Gideon, 2010; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1985).”
Background
On consciousness of the decision to discontinue blood donation: Intention to return and effective recovery activities
Saltzmann, C., & Boenigk, S. (2022) · Transfusion Medicine · doi:10.1111/tme.12859 · Cited by 11
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Result
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Forgiveness and Problematic Substance Use
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Giving up on Drugs: Homeless Young People and Self-Reported Problematic Drug Use
Keys, D., Mallett, S., & Rosenthal, D. (2006) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145090603300104 · Cited by 11
Making sense of climate change: orientations to adaptation
Lynam, T., & Walker, I. A. (2016) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-08886-210417 · Cited by 11
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Zatzick, D., Donovan, D. M., Dunn, C. W., Jurkovich, G. J., Wang, J., Russo, J. E., Rivara, F. P., Zatzick, C. D., Love, J., McFadden, C., et al. (2012) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.012 · Cited by 11
Time to gain trust and change—Experiences of attachment and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy among patients with chronic pain and psychiatric co-morbidity
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“The first large project to use this model was an exploration of how individuals quit smoking on their own funded by the National Cancer Institute (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
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Weßel, G., Altendorf, E., Schwalm, M., Canpolat, Y., Burghardt, C., & Flemisch, F. O. (2019) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-019-00556-5 · Cited by 11
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Method
[Psychological counselling and motivational psychotherapy in the treatment of drug dependence: assessment of interventions with the CEDRO Lugar de Escucha Program].
Valero, M. R., & Paul, L. E. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Are neurochemistry and reinforcement enough ? can the abuse potential of drugs be explained by common actions on a dopamine reward system in the brain?
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CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs
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“Prochaska and Diclemente ( 1986) have provided a framework for understanding change.”
Background
Gesundheitsverhalten im Alltag: Auf der Suche nach einem Paradigma
Schlicht, W. M. (2000) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026//0943-8149.8.2.49 · Cited by 11
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“A stage model of the process of change has been described by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982, 1986) , who studied people who were selfchangers and described this process in stages or steps.”
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“The receptivity, aptitude, attitude, and responsiveness of the patient impact and guide the clinician in the titration of treatment (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
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Method
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Background
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Method
Can a twelve-week intervention reduce barriers to bicycling among overweight adults in low-income Latino and Black communities?
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“…further studies underpinned by models of health behaviour change, such as the health belief model (Rosenstock 1966) and transtheoretical model (Prochaska and DiClemente 1986), have identified that positive attitudes towards hearing aids, hearing aid self-efficacy, social support, and…”
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: non-pharmacological approaches
Booker, R. (2005) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2005.14.1.17366 · Cited by 10
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“…theory stipulates that expectancies weigh in the decision-making process in regard to consumption (Goldman, 2002), in the sense that oscillation between cost and benefit may induce ambivalence (highlighted in the transtheoretical model of change in addictions) (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Background
Treatment of Pathological Gambling Using a Guided Self-Change Approach
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“To assess readiness for change, Joel was provided a Stages of Change questionnaire (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986) adapted for gambling.”
Method
Differences Between HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative African American Men Who Have Sex with Men in Two Major U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Robinson, B. “. E., Galbraith, J. S., Romine, R. S., Zhang, Q., & Herbst, J. H. (2011) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9891-5 · Cited by 10
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“(2) develop criteria to measure the impact/effect of the education classes on the patients, and (3) provide time for persons with diabetes in the community to review videotapes in the diabetes education library at no charge.”
Background
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“Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) conducted factor analyses of the stages people go through in changing an addictive behavior.”
Background
Lessons from a controlled evaluation of a general practice minimal intervention for problem drinking
Heather, N. (1988) · Australian Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595238880000591 · Cited by 10
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Barth, R. P., Derezotes, D. S., & Danforth, H. E. (1991) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/bf01326503 · Cited by 10
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Pols, R. G., Sellman, D., Jurd, S., Baigent, M. F., Waddy, N., Sacks, T. L., Tucker, P., Fowler, J., & White, A. (1996) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679609065030 · Cited by 10
Preventive care in general practice
Silagy, C., Sommer, S. J., & Piterman, L. (1992) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb139844.x · Cited by 10
Maintenance of Smoking Cessation
Baer, J. S., & Marlatt, G. A. (1991) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00823-6 · Cited by 10
Behavioral Treatment
Donovan, D. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (1993) · Recent developments in alcoholism · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1742-3_21 · Cited by 10
The interaction between research and policy—alcohol and general practice in the United Kingdom
Anderson, P. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02170.x · Cited by 10
Finding Meaning in the Aftermath of Trauma: Resilience and Posttraumatic Growth in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Young, M. (2007) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 10
Influencing recidivist drink drivers' entrenched behaviours : the self-reported outcomes of three countermeasures
Freeman, J. (2004) · Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Qld (CARRS-Q); Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation · Cited by 10
El uso de podómetros para incrementar la actividad física en población adulta: una revisión
Miragall, M., Domínguez, A., Cebolla, A., & Baños, R. (2015) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.1016/j.clysa.2015.06.002 · Cited by 11
Increased Evidence-Based Tobacco Treatment Through Oklahoma Hospital System Changes
Leuthard, J. L., Beebe, L. A., Halstead, L., Olson, K. D., & Roysdon, J. W. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.017 · Cited by 9
From Research to Community-Based Practice—Working with Latino Researchers to Translate and Diffuse a Culturally Relevant Evidence-Based Intervention: TheModelo de Intervención Psicomédica(MIP) Experience
Pemberton, G. C., Andía, J. F., Robles, R. R., Collins, C. B., Colón-Cartagena, N., Pilar, O. P. D., & Vega, T. S. (2009) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2009.21.5_supp.171 · Cited by 9
“The intervention researchers considered the risk determinants addressed to be broadly applicable to current IDUs, and the principles and approaches of risk reduction used in the intervention were used in multiple models elsewhere (Bandura,1986; Miller et al., 2002; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986; R. Robles, personal com…”
Method
Is Perceived Need for Action Among Women in Violent Relationships Nonlinear and, If So, Why?
Katerndahl, D. A., Burge, S. K., Ferrer, R. L., Becho, J., & Wood, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517727495 · Cited by 9
“The transtheoretical model of change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986) states that behavior change moves through five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Autonomy-Supportive Interventions
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.035 · Cited by 13
The Doctor-Patient Relationship
Gordon, C., & Beresin, E. V. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04743-2.50003-2 · Cited by 9
Finding that elusive bell and other issues - experiences from starting to cycle during a pandemic
Strömberg, H. K., & Wallgren, P. (2022) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103574 · Cited by 9
Historical Interpretations of Alcohol Use & Misuse: Implications for Nursing Curricula
Hyman, Z. (2004) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20041101-07 · Cited by 9
ASCID : le noyau central de douze facteurs expliquant la conduite en éducation thérapeutique du patient
Leclercq, D. A. (2010) · Education thérapeutique du patient - Therapeutic patient education · doi:10.1051/tpe/2010006 · Cited by 9
“Prochaska JO, Di Clemente C.”
Background
Development of a Culturally Specific Instrument for Mammography Screening: An Example With American Indian Women in Vermont
Canales, M. K., & Rakowski, W. (2006) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnm-v14i2a003 · Cited by 9
“This article presents the triangulation process for translating qualitative data about mammography screening from a grounded theory study with American Indian women in Vermont, into questionnaire items based on an existing model of behavior change, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Stages-of-Change.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Implementing evidence-based practice: A model for change
Plastow, N. A. (2006) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2006.13.10.22194 · Cited by 9
Medical Evaluation of the Obese Individual
Kushner, R. F., & Roth, J. L. (2005) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.09.004 · Cited by 9
“Assessing which stage of change the patient is in helps to tailor the advice and intensity of intervention [38].”
Background
A Case Study in Dissemination: Lessons Learned From a Pilot Study Involving the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service
Marcus, A. C., Heimendinger, J., Berman, E., Strecher, V. J., Bright, M. A., Allen, A. R., Davis, S. W., Julèsberg, K., Mowad, L. Z., Nguyen, L. H., et al. (2005) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730500257689 · Cited by 9
“Tailoring was based on information obtained from the baseline interview, which included key constructs drawn from the Transtheoretical Model (eg, stage of change; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983 1984 1986 ), the Health Belief Model (eg, perceived efficacy, barriers; Janz & Becker, 1984 ), and Social Cognitive Theory (eg,…”
Method
Alcoholism and identity: How an alternative framing of identity can facilitate Alcoholics Anonymous research
Young, L. B. (2010) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2010.530712 · Cited by 13
“The allied transtheoretical model of behavior change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986) prioritizes alterations in the client’s relationship with the substance of abuse.”
Background
The Psychosocial Treatment Expectations Questionnaire (PTEQ) for Alcohol Problems
Leite, J. C. D. C., Seminotti, N., Freitas, P. F., & Drachler, M. D. L. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000077 · Cited by 9
High and Low Trait Anger, and the Recognition of Anger Problems
Alcázar-Olán, R. J., Deffenbacher, J. L., Hernández‐Guzmán, L., & Wilson, G. I. (2011) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.32 · Cited by 9
“The 19-item Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) (Miller & Tonigan, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Chronic Disease Management
Mercer, V. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6510-3_9 · Cited by 10
The Effective Factors for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adults: A Need Assessment Study Based on Trans-Theoretical Model
Hazavehei, S. M. M., Shahabadi, S., Karami, M., Saidi, M. R., Bashiriyan, S., Mahdi-akhgar, M., & Hashemi, S. Z. (2016) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p203 · Cited by 9
“One of the most common model of behavior change is the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) developed by Prochaska and Diclemente in 1980’s (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Method
Drug Avoidance Self Efficacy Scale (DASES): A cultural adaptation and validation study
Norozi, E., Miri, M. R., Soltani, R., Eslami, A. A., Harivandi, A. R., & Dastjerdi, R. (2016) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.3109/14659891.2015.1056851 · Cited by 9
“…(Marlatt & Donovan, 2005), Revised cognitive-behavioral model of relapse (Witkiewitz & Marlatt, 2004) and Dynamic Regulatory Feedback Model (Niaura, 2000) as well as more general theories such as Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986) and the Trans-theoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Background
Evaluation of a Health Coaching Experiential Learning Collaboration With Future Health Promotion Professionals
Ickes, M. J., & McMullen, J. (2016) · Pedagogy in Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/2373379916649193 · Cited by 9
“The health coaches tailored strategies and techniques based on their participant’s stage of readiness/change within the TTM. Processes of change were utilized to help facilitate individual progression toward the next stage of change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Method
Patient-specific prescriber feedback can increase the rate of osteoporosis screening and treatment: results from two national interventions
Ellett, L. M. K., Pratt, N. L., Sluggett, J. K., Ramsay, E. N., Kerr, M., LeBlanc, V. T., Barratt, J. D., & Roughead, E. E. (2017) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-017-0309-4 · Cited by 9
Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change
Łuszczyńska, A., Łobczowska, K., & Horodyska, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.023 · Cited by 10
Compliance with a self‐care manual in guided self‐change for bulimia nervosa
Thiels, C., Schmidt, U. H., Troop, N. A., Treasure, J. L., & Garthe, R. (2001) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.395 · Cited by 9
The Addicted‐Self Model of Addictive Behavior Cessation: Does it Predict Recovery for Gender, Ethnic, Age and Drug Preference Populations?
Fiorentine, R., & Hillhouse, M. P. (2004) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490490459933 · Cited by 9
Cross-cultural validation of stages of exercise change scale among Chinese college students
Keating, X. D., Guan, J., Huang, Y., Deng, M., Wu, Y., & Qu, S. (2005) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x05049825 · Cited by 9
“People usually need to go through multiple stages to change exercise behaviors (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986).”
Background
Self-management in diabetes: training implications for professional carers
DAY, J. L., Coles, C. R., & Walford, S. (2003) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.3-4-338 · Cited by 9
Treatment entry and engagement: a study of the process at assessment/referral centers
Graham, K., Brett, P. J., & Bois, C. (1995) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145099502200107 · Cited by 9
Therapeutic Education
Rotella, C. M., Cresci, B., Pala, L., & Dicembrini, I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24532-4_4 · Cited by 9
Deconstructing Drug Prevention: towards an alternative purpose
Burgess, R. C. (1997) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.3109/09687639709028549 · Cited by 9
“Chemical Comforting” and the Theology of John C. Ford, SJ: Classic Answers to a Contemporary Problem
Morgan, O. J. (1999) · Journal of Ministry in Addiction & Recovery · doi:10.1300/j048v06n01_03 · Cited by 9

Authors: Prochaska, J. O., & Diclemente, C. C.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Prochaska, James O.
Diclemente, Carlo C.
Venue: Treating Addictive Behaviors
Publisher: Springer US
Published: 1986
Pages: 3-27
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1
OpenAlex: W1851000376
Cited by: 1,877
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.69
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: addictive behavior, psychotherapy integration, addiction treatment, therapeutic change process

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