Cited by 1,877Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Toward a Comprehensive Model of Change

Prochaska, James O., Diclemente, Carlo C.·1986·Treating Addictive Behaviors

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1

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Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390 · Cited by 9,098
Self-citation
Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment
(1978) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(78)90042-3 · Cited by 3,956
Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0088437 · Cited by 3,922
Self-citation
The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy
Sporakowski, M. J., Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584540 · Cited by 1,976
Self-citation
Systems of psychotherapy a transtheoretical analysis
Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2010) · Cited by 1,487
Self-citation
Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles.
McConnaughy, E. A., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1983) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0090198 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citation
Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status.
Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.5.1279 · Cited by 952
Self-citation
Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance
DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1982) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90038-7 · Cited by 764
Self-citation

Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. (1985). Stages of change in alcoholism treatment: Measurement and profiles. Manuscript in preparation.
Goldfried, M. (1982). Converging themes in psychotherapy. New York: Springer.
McConnaughy, E., Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1984). Replication of the stages of change in psychotherapy. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1979). Cigarette smoking as a dependence process (National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph series, DHEW, Monograph 23, 194 pg.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Olcott, P. (1985). Perceived change processes in successful weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rhode Island.
Parloff, M. (1976, February). Shopping for the right therapy. Saturday Review, pp. 14–16.
Prochaska, J., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1985). Patterns of self-change in smoking cessation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.

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Self-citation
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Sutton, S. R. (2000) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440008400298 · Cited by 139
“Stage theories in current use in health psychology include the transtheoretical model (TTM; Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986; 1992; Prochaska, DiClemente and Norcross, 1992; Prochaska and Velicer, 1997), the precaution adoption process model (Weinstein, 1988; Weinstein and Sandman, 1992), the health action process appro…”
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Performance of Alcohol and Safer Sex Change Rulers Compared With Readiness to Change Questionnaires.
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“In another study of PLWH that utilized the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change [49], 40 % of smokers were in the contemplation stage and 18 % were in the preparation stage to quit smoking [50]; a survey from Nepal of HIV-infected smokers found 34 % in the contemplation or preparation stage [13].”
Method
Quantified Traveler: Travel Feedback Meets the Cloud to Change Behavior
Jariyasunant, J., Abou-Zeid, M., Carrel, A. L., Ekambaram, V. N., Gaker, D., Sengupta, R., & Walker, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1080/15472450.2013.856714 · Cited by 131
“…analysis or discrete choice models (e.g., Chen & Lai, 2011; Choo & Mokhtarian, 2004; Cor-doba Maquilon, Gonzalez-Calderon, & Posasda Henao, 2011; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986; Scagnolari & Maggi, 2010; Theis, Adler, Clarke, & Ben-Akiva, 2006), most of these studies have relied either on stated…”
A cross-cultural examination of weight-related teasing, body image, and eating disturbance in Swedish and Australian samples
Lunner, K., Werthem, E. H., Thompson, J. K., Paxton, S. J., McDonald, F. E. J., & Halvarsson, K. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200012)28:4 · Cited by 153
A randomized clinical trial of a population- and transtheoretical model-based stress-management intervention.
Evers, K. E., Prochaska, J. O., Johnson, J. L., Mauriello, L. M., Padula, J. A., & Prochaska, J. M. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.521 · Cited by 130
Self-citation
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Method
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Method
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“Other popular documents were Prochaska et al. (1992), Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) and Ajzen and Fishbein (1980).”
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“Prochaska and DiClemente (1983, 1984, 1986) emphasized the importance of helping relationships, stressing that working with an empathic, supportive group helps facilitate change.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Consensus Guidelines for Coordinated Outpatient Oral Anticoagulation Therapy Management
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Measuring the competence of healthcare providers.
Kak, N., Burkhalter, B. R., & Ma, C. (2001) · Cited by 116
Measuring Gambling Outcomes Among College Students
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“DiClemente et al. (2000) specifically discussed the merits of applying the Stages of Change model ( Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986 ) in understanding the initiation and cessation of gambling behavior.”
Background
RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE AND TREATMENT UTILIZATION AMONG PRISONERS
Warner, B. D., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2001) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-100103709 · Cited by 113
“of treatment effectiveness for addictive behaviors suggests that problem recognition and commitment to taking action are necessary stages before problem behaviors are reduced (19, 20).”
Background
Implementing nutrition guidelines for older people in residential care homes: a qualitative study using Normalization Process Theory
Bamford, C., Heaven, B., May, C., & Moynihan, P. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-106 · Cited by 100
Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders
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“Motivational enhancement therapy/motivational interviewing Miller and Rollnick [76] launched the approach termed motivational interviewing based upon the stages of change model of Prochaska and DiClemente [77].”
Method
Changing the clinical behavior of doctors: a psychological framework.
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Understanding parental engagement with child welfare services: an integrated model
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Measurement of antecedents to drug and alcohol use: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS)
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“All projects incorporated MI techniques and the transtheoretical model of change [17] in their BT service.”
Social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users
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“These statements were based on Prochaska’s theory of change [18], which classifies respondents in stages of change and is underlain by the hypothesis that people move from no motivation through change to internalization of the new behavior.”
Method
The Analysis of Intervention Change in Children and Families: Methodological and Conceptual Issues Embedded in Intervention Studies
Eddy, J. M., Dishion, T. J., & Stoolmiller, M. (1998) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022634807098 · Cited by 106
“Several theorists have identified a construct that is likely a key component of change that we failed to index in ATP: motivation to change (Alexander & Parsons, 1973; Coastworth, Szapocznik, Kurtines, & Santisteban, in press; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986 ).”
Background
Can healthcare choice be predicted using stated preference data?
de Bekker-Grob, E. W., Donkers, B., Bliemer, M. C. J., Veldwijk, J., & Swait́, J. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112736 · Cited by 107
Views From the Inside
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“Interventions are most likely to be effective at this time (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Background
A multilevel intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening among community health center patients: results of a pilot study
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“closed questions, reflective listening, and summarizing; 6) assessment of patient's readiness for screening and 7) approaches for patients who refuse screening (pre-contemplation), are willing to think about it (contemplation), or are ready to act (action).[28] We chose to frame the intervention around a "stages of ch…”
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Facilitating treatment entry among out-of-treatment injection drug users.
Booth, R. E., Kwiatkowski, C. F., Iguchi, M. Y., Pinto, F., & John, D. (1998) · PubMed Central · Cited by 102
Latent transition analysis to the stages of change for smoking cessation
Martin, R. A., Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1996) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00037-2 · Cited by 102
Perceived Barriers to Treatment for Alcohol Problems: A Latent Class Analysis
Schuler, M. S., Puttaiah, S., Mojtabai, R., & Crum, R. M. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400160 · Cited by 111
“These classes may reflect individuals at different stages of change as described by the transtheoretical model of change (52): individuals who are farther from the action stage may belong to the highbarriers class and may transition to the lowbarriers class as they near the action stage.”
Theory in Health Education Practice
Hochbaum, G. M., Sorenson, J. R., & Lorig, K. R. (1992) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819201900303 · Cited by 101
An Integrative Goal-Focused Approach to Executive Coaching.
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Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in‐patients with substance use disorders
Baker, A., Lewin, T. J., Reichler, H., Clancy, R., Carr, V. J., Garrett, R., Sly, K. A., Devir, H., & Terry, M. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01118.x · Cited by 100
“When a subject showed evidence of having arrived at the determination or action stages of change (17), potentially beneficial cognitive-behavioural coping strategies were discussed.”
Background
Using a Behavior Change Model to Document the Impact of Visits to Disney's Animal Kingdom: A Study Investigating Intended Conservation Action
Dierking, L. D., Adelman, L. M., Ogden, J., Lehnhardt, K., Miller, L. J., & Mellen, J. D. (2004) · Curator The Museum Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2004.tb00128.x · Cited by 99
USING PROPENSITY SCORES TO ADJUST FOR SELECTION BIAS WHEN ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS IN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Ye, Y., & Kaskutas, L. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.018 · Cited by 103
“Motivation to change was operationalized through the readiness to change summary index of 12 items from Prochaska’s stage of change scale (range 12–60, Cronbach’s alpha=0.87) (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1984).”
Influential
Health Education
Hou, S. (2014) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839914538045 · Cited by 99
“The transtheoretical model, on the other hand, is one of the most comprehensive and extensively researched models developed recently (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Changing Addictive Behaviors: A Process Perspective
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Self-citation
Engaging Users in the Behavior Change Process With Digitalized Motivational Interviewing and Gamification: Development and Feasibility Testing of the Precious App
Nurmi, J., Knittle, K. P., Ginchev, T., Khattak, F., Helf, C., Zwickl, P., Castellano‐Tejedor, C., Lusilla, P., Costa‐Requena, J., Ravaja, N., et al. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/12884 · Cited by 110
“This way the app is not imposing external requirements to the user but, with their permission, reminding them of their personally valued goals and activities [77].”
BackgroundMethod
Multidimensional assessment of perceived treatment-entry pressures among substance abusers.
Marlowe, D. B., Merikle, E. P., Kirby, K. C., Festinger, D. S., & McLellan, A. T. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.15.2.97 · Cited by 98
Screening and Brief Intervention for Unhealthy Drug Use in Primary Care Settings: Randomized Clinical Trials Are Needed
Saitz, R., Alford, D. P., Bernstein, J., Cheng, D. M., Samet, J., & Palfai, T. (2010) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0b013e3181db6b67 · Cited by 95
“MI is based on psychological theories of attitude and behavior change (Rogers, 1957; Becker, 1974; Bandura, 1977; Miller, 1983; Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986; Miller and Rollnick, 1991), addressing the fact that patients frequently neither recognize their health behaviors as hazardous nor…”
Method
Comparing web and mail responses in a mixed mode survey in college alcohol use research
McCabe, S. E., Diez, A., Boyd, C. J., Nelson, T. F., & Weitzman, E. R. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.009 · Cited by 95
“…de la Fuente, & Grant, 1993), Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI: White & Labouvie, 1989), University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA: Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986), Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS: Skinner & Allen, 1982), and a quantity-frequency-peak index used to assess drinking…”
The Microfoundations of State Cybersecurity: Cyber Risk Perceptions and the Mass Public
Kostyuk, N., & Wayne, C. N. (2019) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz077 · Cited by 105
Motivational structure
Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00290-3 · Cited by 94
Salud Para Su Corazón: A Community-Based Latino Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Outreach Model
Alcalay, R., Alvarado, M., Balcázar, H., Newman, E. P., & Huerta, E. E. (1999) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1023/a:1018734303968 · Cited by 93
A group intervention which assists patients with dual diagnosis reduce their drug use: a randomized controlled trial
James, W., Preston, N. J., Koh, G. C., SPENCER, C., Kisely, S. R., & Castle, D. J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001648 · Cited by 92
Long-Term Outcome after Discontinuation of Benzodiazepines for Insomnia: A Survival Analysis of Relapse
Morin, C. M., Bélanger, L., Bastien, C., & Vallières, A. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002 · Cited by 91
“Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) and Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross (1992) stress that change is not necessarily a linear process and that individuals may go through the same phases several times before actually modifying a behavior and reaching the maintenance phase of change (‘‘readiness of change’’ concept).”
Background
Discovering Alternative Treatments for Opioid Use Recovery Using Social Media
Chancellor, S., Nitzburg, G. C., Hu, A., Zampieri, F., & Choudhury, M. D. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300354 · Cited by 91
Assessing Suitability for Offender Rehabilitation
Casey, S., Day, A., Howells, K., & Ward, T. J. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807305827 · Cited by 91
“Measures derived from models of motivation, such as the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984, 1986), have, however, received only limited support in their application to offender populations (see Casey, Day, & Howells, 2005).”
Method
New and Emerging Weight Management Strategies for Busy Ambulatory Settings: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart AssociationEndorsed by the Society of Behavioral Medicine
Rao, G., Burke, L. E., Spring, B. J., Ewing, L. J., Turk, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Cornier, M.-A., Spence, J. D., Coons, M., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, P. A. A. M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31822b9543 · Cited by 90
Responsivity Issues in the Treatment of Sexual Offenders
Looman, J., Dickie, I., & Abracen, J. (2005) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838005280857 · Cited by 90
“According to the transtheoretical model, behavioral change occurs in a series of discrete stages (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986, 1992).”
Method
Coerced addiction treatment: Client perspectives and the implications of their neglect
Urbanoski, K. A. (2010) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-7-13 · Cited by 91
“Differences in the behaviour change process hypothesized by SDT versus TTM stem mainly from the ways that motivation is formed and expected to change over time.”
Background
The application of the transtheoretical model to offender populations: Some critical issues
Casey, S., Day, A., & Howells, K. (2005) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1348/135532505x36714 · Cited by 89
Comorbid mental disorders and substance use disorders: epidemiology, prevention and treatment
Proudfoot, M. T. H. (2004) · Cited by 88
‘What works’ for juvenile prisoners: the role of group climate in a youth prison
van der Helm, P., Klapwijk, M., Stams, G., & van der Laan, P. H. (2009) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/17466660200900011 · Cited by 106
Convergent and concurrent validity of the Contemplation Ladder and URICA scales
Amodei, N., & Lamb, R. J. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.11.005 · Cited by 88
The Self-Regulation Model of Sexual Offending: The Relationship Between Offence Pathways and Static and Dynamic Sexual Offence Risk
Yates, P. M., & Kingston, D. A. (2006) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1007/s11194-006-9018-z · Cited by 88
Coping and Maintenance Strategies of Spontaneous Remitters from Problem Use of Alcohol and Heroin in Switzerland
Klingemann, H. (1992) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089209047356 · Cited by 89
Assessing the reliability of a stage of change scale
Donovan, R. J., Jones, S. C., Holman, C. D. J., & Giles‐Corti, B. (1998) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/13.2.285 · Cited by 88
“Based on clinical experience with the treatment of addictive behaviours, and smoking behaviour in particular ( Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) , the stage model states that in adopting a new behaviour people move through a series of stages:”
Background
On the Determinants of Persistent Gambling. III. Personality, Prior Mood, and Poker Machine Play
Dickerson, M., Cunningham, R. B., England, S. L., & Hinchy, J. (1991) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089109058903 · Cited by 87
Towards a Psychology of Coaching: The Impact of Coaching on Metacognition, Mental Health and Goal Attainment.
Grant, A. M. (2001) · Cited by 87
Screening mammography and constructs from the transtheoretical model: Associations using two definitions of the stages-of-adoption
Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Dube, C. E., Pearlman, D. N., Goldstein, M. G., Peterson, K. K., Rimer, B. K., & Woolverton, H. (1996) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02909581 · Cited by 87
A Self-Regulation-Based eHealth Intervention to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle: Investigating User and Website Characteristics Related to Attrition
der Mispel, C. V., Poppe, L., Crombez, G., Verloigne, M., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7277 · Cited by 87
“According to the Stages of Change theory, these users should not be pushed toward immediate behavior change but provided with information and persuasive arguments to increase their motivation to change [43].”
BackgroundMethod
Personalization in Real-Time Physical Activity Coaching Using Mobile Applications: A Scoping Review
Monteiro-Guerra, F., Rivera-Romero, O., Fernández-Luque, L., & Caulfield, B. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2947243 · Cited by 106
“Other included theories were the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) [16], [68], Presentation of Self in Everyday Life [69], Cognitive Dissonance Theory”
Method
Nationwide Survey of Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Practices at US Level I Trauma Centers
Terrell, F., Zatzick, D., Jurkovich, G. J., Rivara, F. P., Donovan, D. M., Dunn, C. W., Schermer, C. R., Meredith, J. W., & Gentilello, L. M. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.05.021 · Cited by 86
Interpellating recovery: The politics of ‘identity’ in recovery-focused treatment
Fomiatti, R., Moore, D., & Fraser, S. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.04.001 · Cited by 85
Relationships among the theory of planned behavior, stages of change, and exercise behavior in older persons over a three year period
Courneya, K. S., Nigg, C. R., & Estabrooks, P. A. (1998) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449808406756 · Cited by 85
Why don't continents move? Why don't people change?
Prochaska, J. O. (1999) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1023/a:1023210911909 · Cited by 84
“The transtheoretical model has emerged from research on how people change on their own, as well as how they change with the help of therapy ( Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983, 1984, 1986a, b; Prochaska & Norcross, 1983; Norcross & Prochaska, 1986; Norcross, Prochaska, & DiClemente, 1986).”
MethodSelf-citation
Taboo topics in addiction treatment
Chiauzzi, E. J., & Liljegren, S. (1993) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(93)90079-h · Cited by 84
“Studies indicate that untreated and treated addicted patients progress toward abstinence through similar stages and with similar methods ( Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986 ).”
Method
Is a Stage Model a Useful Approach to Explain Car Drivers' Willingness to Use Public Transportation?
Bamberg, S. (2007) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00236.x · Cited by 84
Molar environmental contexts surrounding recovery from alcohol problems by treated and untreated problem drinkers.
Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Pukish, M. M. (1995) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.3.2.195 · Cited by 84
Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas
Marcus, B. H., Hartman, S. J., Larsen, B. A., Pekmezi, D., Dunsiger, S. I., Linke, S., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Bock, B. C., Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0385-7 · Cited by 77
“Accordingly, a recent study showed that a PA intervention using printed, mail-delivered materials that were individually tailored based on theoretical constructs (Social Cognitive Theory and the Transtheoretical Model [14, 15]) was successful at increasing PA in inactive Latinas [16, 17].”
A Qualitative Examination of Men’s Condom Use Attitudes and Resistance: “It’s Just Part of the Game”
Davis, K. C., Schraufnagel, T. J., Kajumulo, K. F., Gilmore, A. K., Norris, J., & George, W. H. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0150-9 · Cited by 90
“Similarly, interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986) attempt to motivate individuals to change problematic behavior through such means as a‘‘decisional balance’’ task, or weighing the advantages (the‘‘pros’’) and disadvantages (the ‘‘cons’’) one perceives regarding engaging in a…”
Method
Enhancing Cultural and Contextual Intervention Strategies to Reduce HIV/AIDS Among African Americans
Wyatt, G. E. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.152181 · Cited by 83
“needed to reduce risky behaviors.(38,68,69) I propose the Sexual”
Can screening and brief intervention lead to population-level reductions in alcohol-related harm?
Heather, N. (2012) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-15 · Cited by 83
“Even if the patient does not respond at first, the intervention may start a process described by movement along the stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model [14].”
Background
Physicians and nurses with substance use disorders
Shaw, M. F., McGovern, M. P., Angres, D. H., & Rawal, P. H. (2004) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03133.x · Cited by 81
“Reviewers searched for the following data: sociodemographic variables (age, gender, race, religion, et cetera); referral source, precipitant, and chief complaint; drug of choice; level or stage of motivation to change (based on the Prochaska & DiClemente 1986 model); DSM-IV admission and discharge diagnoses; GAF score…”
Method
A motivational interviewing perspective on resistance in psychotherapy
Moyers, T. B., & Rollnick, S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1142 · Cited by 119
“From the perspective of the stages-of-change model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986), motivational interviewing is most useful for individuals who are contemplating change but are hampered by ambivalence.”
Organizational stages and processes of change for continuous quality improvement in health care.
Levesque, D. A., Prochaska, J. M., Prochaska, J. O., Dewart, S. R., Hamby, L. S., & Weeks, W. B. (2001) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/1061-4087.53.3.139 · Cited by 80
Self-citation

Authors: Prochaska, J. O., & Diclemente, C. C.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Prochaska, James O.
Diclemente, Carlo C.
Venue: Treating Addictive Behaviors
Publisher: Springer US
Published: 1986
Pages: 3-27
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1
OpenAlex: W1851000376
Cited by: 1,877
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.69
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: addictive behavior, psychotherapy integration, addiction treatment, therapeutic change process

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