Cited by 1,877Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Toward a Comprehensive Model of Change

Prochaska, James O., Diclemente, Carlo C.·1986·Treating Addictive Behaviors

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1

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Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390 · Cited by 9,098
Self-citation
Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment
(1978) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(78)90042-3 · Cited by 3,956
Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0088437 · Cited by 3,922
Self-citation
The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy
Sporakowski, M. J., Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1986) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584540 · Cited by 1,976
Self-citation
Systems of psychotherapy a transtheoretical analysis
Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2010) · Cited by 1,487
Self-citation
Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles.
McConnaughy, E. A., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1983) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0090198 · Cited by 1,202
Self-citation
Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status.
Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.5.1279 · Cited by 952
Self-citation
Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance
DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1982) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(82)90038-7 · Cited by 764
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Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. (1985). Stages of change in alcoholism treatment: Measurement and profiles. Manuscript in preparation.
Goldfried, M. (1982). Converging themes in psychotherapy. New York: Springer.
McConnaughy, E., Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1984). Replication of the stages of change in psychotherapy. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1979). Cigarette smoking as a dependence process (National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph series, DHEW, Monograph 23, 194 pg.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Olcott, P. (1985). Perceived change processes in successful weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rhode Island.
Parloff, M. (1976, February). Shopping for the right therapy. Saturday Review, pp. 14–16.
Prochaska, J., Velicer, W., & DiClemente, C. (1985). Patterns of self-change in smoking cessation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island.

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“A person may change for the better in affective, cognitive, and/or behavioral domains (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Background
Video feedback compared to treatment as usual in families with parent–child interactions problems: a randomized controlled trial
Høivik, M. S., Lydersen, S., Drugli, M. B., Onsøien, R., Hansen, M., & Nielsen, T. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0036-9 · Cited by 54
“Consistent with a theory of change in addiction research, it is likely that self-observed change (in comparison to receiving the feedback in normal consultations, without video) is more motivating for the maintenance of change in parental behaviour [93].”
Modification of motivational interviewing for use with people with mild intellectual disability and challenging behaviour
Frielink, N., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.809707 · Cited by 62
“In addition, these same six participants improved their motivation to change, according to the model of Prochaska and DiClemente (1986). One moved from the pre-contemplation stage (i.”
Background
Stepped Care and e-Health
Draper, C., & O’Donohue, W. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6510-3 · Cited by 58
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Differences in motivation, coping style, and self-efficacy among incarcerated male and female drug users
Pelissier, B. M. M., & Jones, N. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.10.006 · Cited by 53
“The four scales of the Change Assessment Scale— precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance—were used to measure internal motivation (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
BackgroundMethod
AN EXPLORATION INTO PARTICIPATION IN A FAITH‐BASED PRISON PROGRAM*
Camp, S. D., Klein-Saffran, J., Kwon, O., Daggett, D. M., & Joseph, V. (2006) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00387.x · Cited by 53
“The motivation scale was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1986), and it is comprised of the four subscales measuring precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Self-Efficacy Interventions
Warner, L. M., & French, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.032 · Cited by 62
Gambling Decisions: An Early Intervention Program for Problem Gamblers
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Adherence to multiple drug therapies: refill adherence to concomitant use of diabetes and asthma/COPD medication
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Predictors of patient retention in a newly established methadone maintenance treatment programme
Rio, M. D., Mino, A., & Perneger, T. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02854.x · Cited by 53
Vascular imaging and intervention in peripheral arteries in the diabetic patient
Dyet, J. F., Nicholson, A. A., & Ettles, D. F. (2000) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/1520-7560(200009/10)16:1+ · Cited by 43
Breakthrough or bandwagon? Are interventions tailored to Stage of Change more effective than non-staged interventions?
Ashworth, P. (1997) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/001789699705600207 · Cited by 53
TRAQ Changes: Improving the Measurement of Transition Readiness by the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire
Johnson, K. R., McBee, M. T., Reiss, J. G., Livingood, W. C., & Wood, D. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.04.019 · Cited by 53
Effects of Two Appearance-Based Interventions on the Sun Protection Behaviors of Southern California Beach Patrons
Mahler, H. I. M., Kulik, J. A., Gerrard, M., & Gibbons, F. X. (2006) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2803_5 · Cited by 52
“For example, according to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TMBC: Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986), risk behavior change progresses through a series of stages: precontemplation (no intention to alter behavior), contemplation (seriously considering altering target behavior), preparation…”
Method
The influence of pre-motivational factors on behavior via motivational factors: a test of the I-Change model
Kasten, S., van Osch, L., Candel, M. J. J. M., & de Vries, H. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0283-2 · Cited by 54
“Models such as the Trans theoretical model (TTM: [25, 26]), the Precaution Adoption Process Model [27], or the I-Change model [28, 29] assume that behavior change moves along stages or phases.”
Method
Measuring Stage of Change for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls
Cullen, K. W., Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Koehly, L. M. (1998) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018764932609 · Cited by 52
“The Stages of Change construct has been applied to dietary behavior.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Drug Court Process Evaluation: Methodology and Findings
Logan, T., Williams, K., Leukefeld, C. G., & Minton, L. (2000) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x00443008 · Cited by 52
Integrating Pros and Cons for Mammography and Pap Testing: Extending the Construct of Decisional Balance to Two Behaviors
Rakowski, W., Clark, M. A., Pearlman, D. N., Ehrich, B., Rimer, B. K., Goldstein, M. G., Dube, C. E., & Woolverton, H. (1997) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0188 · Cited by 52
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Curtis, P. J., Adamson, A., & Mathers, J. C. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005101 · Cited by 51
Difficult-to-Engage Patients: A Specific Target for Time-Limited Assertive Outreach in a Swiss Setting
Bonsack, C., Adam, L., Haefliger, T., Besson, J., & Conus, P. (2005) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370505001307 · Cited by 51
“Using the 5 stages of change described by Prochaska and DiClemente—precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, and maintenance—clinicians evaluated patients’ motivation to address psychotic problems (19).”
Method
Processes of Change and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Qualitative Interview Study With Individuals at Various Stages of Change
Kruzan, K. P., & Whitlock, J. L. (2019) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/2333393619852935 · Cited by 57
“The transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986) is a robust framework that not only provides algorithms for staging the change process but also identifies temporal, motivational, and contextual variables useful in assessing an individual’s understanding of their…”
Method
Encouraging Sustainable Behaviour Change via a Social Practice Approach: A Focus on Apparel Consumption Practices
McEachern, M., Middleton, D., & Cassidy, T. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-020-09454-0 · Cited by 4
“…models, a number of participants reported that the performance experience had motivated them to move beyond a stage of “maintenance” (see Prochaska and Di Clemente 1986) and think further for themselves about the dynamic nature of the apparel supply chain and the complex issues…”
Background
Do Transtheoretical Model Measures Predict the Transition from Preparation to Action in Smoking Cessation?
Segan, C., Borland, R., & Greenwood, K. M. (2002) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/0887044022000004911 · Cited by 51
“The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983, 1986, 1992), provides a theoretical explanation of the process of intentional behavior change, and is one of the most influential models for smoking cessation and other health-related *Corresponding author.”
Background
The effectiveness of outreach case management in re-enrolling discharged methadone patients.
Coviello, D. M., Zanis, D., Wesnoski, S. A., & Alterman, A. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.009 · Cited by 57
Measuring Motivation to Change in Sexual Offenders From Institutional Intake to Community Treatment
Barrett, M., Wilson, R. J., & Long, C. (2003) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906320301500404 · Cited by 51
“Stirpe, Wilson, and Long (2001; see also Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986 ) asserted that motivation is a dynamic process that changes over the course of treatment.”
Background
Effects of a Culturally Congruent Intervention on Cognitive Factors Related to Drug-Use Recovery
Longshore, D. L., Grills, C. T., & Annon, K. (1999) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826089909039406 · Cited by 51
Change processes and psychotherapy outcome in integrative case research.
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Self-citation
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“The MI counselor builds trust and directs the patient toward increasing readiness for change.(12) Techniques of MI include listening reflectively, examining both sides of patients’ ambivalence, and reducing resistance by not promoting change prematurely.”
BackgroundMethod
Motivation for Treatment Among Women Offenders in Prison-Based Treatment and Longitudinal Outcomes Among Those Who Participate in Community Aftercare
Grella, C. E., & Rodriguez, L. (2011) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.602275 · Cited by 50
“Treatment motivation ( Simpson & Joe 1993 ) was assessed by 20 items regarding desire for help, problem recognition, and treatment readiness, consistent with the Stages of Change model ( Prochaska & DiClemente 1986 ).”
Method
Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models
Salmon, J., Hesketh, K. D., Arundell, L., Downing, K. L., & Biddle, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.017 · Cited by 57
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Humphreys, A. S., Thompson, N. J., & Miner, K. R. (1998) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/13.3.331 · Cited by 50
“During Precontemplation individuals use significantly fewer processes than during latter stages ( Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986; Prochaska et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethod
Commitment to treatment goals in prediction of group cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment outcome for women with bulimia nervosa.
Mussell, M. P., Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., Fulkerson, J. A., Hoberman, H. M., & Romano, J. L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.432 · Cited by 50
Treatment readiness training and probationers' evaluation of substance abuse treatment in a criminal justice setting
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Optimising workplace interventions for health and well‐being
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Young Women's Perspective of the Pros and Cons to Seeking Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: An Exploratory Study
Chacko, M. R., von Sternberg, K. L., Velasquez, M. M., Wiemann, C. M., Smith, P. B., & DiClemente, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2007.08.009 · Cited by 50
“Decisional balance has been an integral part of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and is an important construct in understanding the process of intentional change of problem behaviors and adoption of healthy behaviors.(9,10) In moving toward any decision, individuals weigh the costs and benefits of the action being co…”
Background
Influence of Perceived Coercion and Motivation on Treatment Completion and Re-Arrest among Substance-Abusing Offenders
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“Miller and Tonigan(42) note that the three scales derived from SOCRATES do not “appear to measure the stage constructs as conceived by Prochaska and DiClemente.(35,36) Rather the scales of SOCRATES seem better understood as continuously distributed motivational processes that may underlie stages of change” (p.”
Background
Using an Integrated Approach to Understand Vaccination Behavior Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: Stages of Change, the Health Belief Model, and Self-Efficacy
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“The sample was racially diverse with 47.8% (170) self-identifying as African American/black; 43.3% (154) self-identifying as white; 5.3% (19) self-identifying as Native American and the remaining 3.7% self-identifying as Hispanic/Latino ( 7 ), Asian (5), or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (1).”
BackgroundInfluential
Managing anxiety and depression in alcohol and drug dependence
Scott, J. L., Gilvarry, E. A., & Farrell, M. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00074-4 · Cited by 49
Relapse prevention treatment for cocaine dependence: Group vs. individual format
Schmitz, J. M., Oswald, L. M., Jacks, S. D., Rustin, T. A., Rhoades, H. M., & Grabowski, J. G. (1997) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00047-0 · Cited by 49
An Integrated Approach for Understanding Health Behavior; The I-Change Model as an Example
de Vries, H. (2017) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2.2 · Cited by 272
“The theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - resulting from the Theory of Reasoned Action [5] and the TTM both added self-efficacy.”
MethodInfluential
Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines.
Laiho, A., Elovaara, H., Kaisamatti, K., Luhtalampi, K., Talaskivi, L., Pohja, S., Routamo-Jaatela, K., & Vuorio, E. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106242 · Cited by 52
Future Directions in the Study of Health Behavior among Older Adults
Ziegelmann, J. P., & Knoll, N. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000369857 · Cited by 48
Does ‘peer coaching’ increase GP capacity to promote informed decision making about PSA screening? A cluster randomised trial
Gattellari, M., Donnelly, N., Taylor, N. F., Meerkin, M., Hirst, G., & Ward, J. (2005) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi028 · Cited by 47
Evaluating the effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention designed for nurses
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“Royce et al. (1990) reported preliminary ®ndings at 6 months of a 4 year, two cohort, longitudinal study of nursing students.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Using Behavioral Theory in Computer-Based Health Promotion and Appraisal
Rhodes, F., Fishbein, M., & Reis, J. (1997) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019819702400105 · Cited by 48
Relapse prevention models for substance abuse treatment.
Rawson, R. A., Obert, J. L., McCann, M., & Marinelli‐Casey, P. (1993) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.2.284 · Cited by 48
“Washton has adapted the work of Prochaska & DiClemente (1986) on stages of change for use in clinical treatment planning.”
Method
Health Literacy Self-Management by Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease
Sakraida, T. J., & Robinson, M. V. (2009) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945909334096 · Cited by 48
“The transition experience includes behavior change readiness, a process that unfolds over time akin to Prochaska’s stages of change associated with making health behavior choices (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986; Rollnick et al., 1999).”
Background
Self‐forgiveness: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Wohl, M. J. A., & McLaughlin, K. J. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12119 · Cited by 47
Indigenous students' persistence in higher education in Australia: contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students' practices at a cultural interface
Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M., & Martin, G. (2014) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2014.973379 · Cited by 47
Secondary prevention of hazardous alcohol consumption in psychiatric out-patients: a randomised controlled study
Eberhard, S., Nordstrom, G., Höglund, P., & Öjehagen, A. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0023-7 · Cited by 47
“Initially the patients’ state of motivation to decrease their alcohol consumption was evaluated, i.e., where in the process of change according to Prochaska and DiClemente [ 25 ] the patient was situated.”
Method
Treatment Motivation and Therapeutic Engagement in Prison-Based Substance Use Treatment
Rosen, P. J., Hiller, M. L., Webster, J. M., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2004) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2004.10400038 · Cited by 47
It’s hard to be green: Reverse green value chain
Couto, J. P. A., Tiago, M. T. B., Gil, A., Tiago, F., & Faria, S. M. C. D. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.006 · Cited by 48
Physical activity maintenance among Spanish-speaking Latinas in a randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based intervention
Hartman, S. J., DUNSIGER, S. I., Bock, B. C., Larsen, B. A., Linke, S., Pekmezi, D., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., & Marcus, B. H. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9800-4 · Cited by 46
“Randomization was stratified by Transtheoretical Model stage of change to ensure an equal distribution of treatment assigned across levels of motivational readiness for physical activity.”
Development of an Obesity Prevention and Management Program for Children and Adolescents in a Rural Setting
Hawley, S. R., Beckman, H. T., & Bishop, T. W. (2006) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn2302_1 · Cited by 46
“…(unaware of or uninterested in a need for change), contemplation (ambivalent about changing), preparation (planning to change), action (making behavioral changes), and maintenance (continuing and reinforcing new behavior; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986; Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992).”
Unilateral Interventions for Women Living with Heavy Drinkers
Barber, J. G., & Gilbertson, R. (1997) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/42.1.69 · Cited by 47
Screening, Early Identification, and Office-based Intervention With Children and Youth Living in Substance-abusing Families
Werner, M. J., Joffe, A., & Graham, A. V. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.103.s2.1099 · Cited by 47
Single-session motivational interviewing for drug detoxification inpatients: effects on self-efficacy, stages of change and substance use
Berman, A. H., Forsberg, L., Durbeej, N., Källmén, H., & Hermansson, U. (2010) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826080903452488 · Cited by 45
“We evaluated outcomes in terms of self-reported alcohol and drug use, self-efficacy for abstaining from alcohol or drug use, and transitions in stages of change according to the 5-stage trans-theoretical model of change (TMC; Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986).”
Method
Age Group and Health Status Effects on Health Behavior Change
Zanjani, F. A. K., Schaie, W. K., & Willis, S. L. (2006) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.3200/bmed.32.2.36-46 · Cited by 46
Methods for Modeling Ordinal Outcome Variables
O'Connell, A. A. (2000) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2000.12069008 · Cited by 46
‘Doing it Already?’: Stakeholder Perceptions of Housing First in the UK
Johnsen, S., & Teixeira, L. (2012) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/14616718.2012.681579 · Cited by 50
A Cognitive–Behavioral Intervention to Reduce HIV Risk Behaviors in Crack and Injection Drug Users
Hershberger, S. L., Wood, M. M., & Fisher, D. G. (2003) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025487501743 · Cited by 46
“Intervention activities were based on the transtheoretical stages of change model (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983, 1986), the health belief model (Rosenstock et al., 1994), and the theory of protection motivation (Maddux and Rogers, 1983).”
MethodInfluential
Community Reinforcement Training with Concerned Others
Meyers, R. J., Dominguez, T. P., & Smith, J. E. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1528-3_8 · Cited by 46
Relapse prevention strategies in outpatient substance abuse treatment.
Rawson, R. A., Obert, J. L., McCann, M., & Marinelli‐Casey, P. (1993) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.7.2.85 · Cited by 46
“Washton adapted the work of Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) on stages of change for use in clinical treatment planning.”
Method
The effectiveness of alternative planned durations of residential drug abuse treatment.
McCusker, J., Vickers-Lahti, M., Stoddard, A., Hindin, R., Bigelow, C., Zorn, M., Garfield, F. B., Frost, R., Love, C., & Lewis, B. F. (1995) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.85.10.1426 · Cited by 46
Impact of a Longitudinal Community HIV Intervention Targeting Injecting Drug Users' Stage of Change for Condom and Bleach Use
Jamner, M. S., Wolitski, R. J., & Corby, N. H. (1997) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.15 · Cited by 46
Working with People to Make Changes: A Behavioural Change Approach Used in Chronic Low Back Pain Rehabilitation
Harman, K., MacRae, M., Vallis, M., & Bassett, R. (2013) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2012-56bc · Cited by 51
Health behaviour changes after type 2 diabetes diagnosis: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Hackett, R. A., Moore, C., Steptoe, A., & Lassale, C. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35238-1 · Cited by 48
Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory
Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N. E., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.008 · Cited by 67
Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Interventions on Drug Use and Needle Risk Behaviors for Out-of-Treatment Injection Drug Users
Booth, R. E., Kwiatkowski, C. F., & Stephens, R. C. (1998) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1998.10399702 · Cited by 45
ARISE: A method for engaging reluctant alcohol- and drug-dependent individuals in treatment
Garrett, J. A., Landau-Stanton, J., Stanton, M., Stellato-Kabat, J., & Stellato-Kabat, D. (1997) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(96)00159-6 · Cited by 45
“Each stage involves an increased commitment of therapeutic and familial/network resources, compared to the stage which precedes it ( Prochaska & Di Clemente, 1986 ).”
Background
Motivational interviewing with hazardous drinkers
Beckham, N. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00200.x · Cited by 44
Meeting the training needs of staff working with older people with dual diagnosis
Saxton, L., Lancashire, S., & Kipping, C. (2011) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/17570971111155603 · Cited by 44
Exploring the construct validity of the Transtheoretical Model to structure physical activity interventions for individuals with serious mental illness.
Gorczynski, P. F., Faulkner, G., Greening, S. G., & Cohn, T. A. (2010) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/34.1.2010.61.64 · Cited by 44
“One approach to promoting physical activity is to structure interventions using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) (Prochaska & DiClimente, 1986).”
Method
LIFELAX – diet and LIFEstyle versus LAXatives in the management of chronic constipation in older people: randomised controlled trial
Speed, C., Heaven, B., Adamson, A., Bond, J. B., Corbett, S. S., Lake, A. A., May, C. R., Vanoli, A., McMeekin, P. J., Moynihan, P. J., et al. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14520 · Cited by 44
Problem Severity and Motivation for Treatment in Incarcerated Substance Abusers
Hiller, M. L., Narevic, E., Webster, J. M., Rosen, P. J., Staton, M., Leukefeld, C. G., Garrity, T. F., & Kayo, R. (2009) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080802523301 · Cited by 44
“For example, the Transtheoretical Model, developed with samples of smokers in the community (DiClemente, 1999; Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983; Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986; Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1992; Velicer, Norman, Fava, and Prochaska, 1999), classifies substance users into one…”
Method
Using Innovative Video Doctor Technology in Primary Care to Deliver Brief Smoking and Alcohol Intervention
Gerbert, B., Berg-Smith, S., Mancuso, M., Caspers, N., McPhee, S. J., Null, D., & Wofsy, J. (2003) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839903004003009 · Cited by 45
“These strategies can vary widely in content and approach but in general are embedded in a patient-centered framework (Stewart, Brown, & Weston, 1995) and are influenced by the stages-of-change model ( Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986 ), motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 1991), and brief negotiation, a simplifi…”
Background
Motivational Predictors of Readiness to Change Chronic Substance Abuse
Cox, W. M., Blount, J. P., Bair, J. P., & Hosier, S. G. (2000) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066350009004415 · Cited by 44
Decline in intravenous drug use among treatment-seeking opiate users
Schottenfeld, R. S., O’Malley, S. S., Abdul-Salaam, K., & O’Connor, P. G. (1993) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(93)90092-g · Cited by 44
Identification of Campaign Recruitment Strategies for a Stepped Smoking Cessation Intervention for a College Campus
Black, D. R., & Babrow, A. S. (1991) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019819101800208 · Cited by 44
Finding Their Way: Conditions for Successful Reintegration Among Women Offenders
Doherty, S., Forrester, P., Brazil, A., & Matheson, F. I. (2014) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2014.944740 · Cited by 43
The role of mental and behavioral health in the application of the patient-centered medical home in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Kearney, L. K., Post, E. P., Zeiss, A. M., Goldstein, M. G., & Dundon, M. (2011) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-011-0093-4 · Cited by 44
The Hierarchy of Ethical Consumption Behavior
Wooliscroft, B., Ganglmair‐Wooliscroft, A., & Noone, A. (2013) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146713508560 · Cited by 42
Flow and meaningfulness as predictors of therapeutic outcome within songwriting interventions
Silverman, M. J., Baker, F. A., & MacDonald, R. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615627505 · Cited by 43
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Examine Enhancing Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Motivational Interviewing and Thought Mapping
Meyer, E., Souza, F., Heldt, E., Knapp, P., Cordioli, A. V., Shavitt, R. G., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000111 · Cited by 43
“TM is based on the first four stages of change in the transtheoretical model (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1986).”
Method
Caregivers’ readiness for change: predictive validity in a child welfare sample
Littell, J. H., & Girvin, H. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.08.004 · Cited by 43
A missing piece of the transtheoretical model applied to exercise: Development and validation of the temptation to not exercise scale
Hausenblas, H. A., Nigg, C. R., Dannecker, E. A., Downs, D. S., Gardner, R. E., Fallon, E. A., Focht, B. C., & Loving, M. G. (2001) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440108405514 · Cited by 43
Measuring Treatment Motivation in Secure Juvenile Facilities
van der Helm, P. G., Wissink, I. B., Jongh, T. D., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2012) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x12443798 · Cited by 50
“Treatment motivation literature in the forensic area is currently dominated by two theories: self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000) and the transtheoretical motivation model (TTM; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986).”
Economic incentives for preventive care.
Kane, R. L., Johnson, P. E., Town, R., & Butler, M. E. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 42
An evaluation of tobacco brief intervention training in three Indigenous health care settings in north Queensland
Harvey, D., Tsey, K., Cadet‐James, Y., Minniecon, D. L., Ivers, R. G., McCalman, J., Lloyd, J., & Young, D. M. (2002) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00342.x · Cited by 42
Towards a national model for managing impaired driving offenders
Voas, R. B., DuPont, R. L., Talpins, S. K., & Shea, C. L. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03339.x · Cited by 42
“Most offenders have little or no intrinsic motivation to achieve recovery, particularly when they often do not recognize they have a problem (readiness to change) [23,24].”
Background
Motivational interviewing with American Indian mothers to prevent early childhood caries: study design and methodology of a randomized control trial
Batliner, T. S., Fehringer, K., Tiwari, T., Henderson, W. G., Wilson, A. R., Brega, A. G., & Albino, J. E. N. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-125 · Cited by 42
“It involves informal assessment by the interventionist of the focal person’s stage of ‘readiness for change’ with regard to a targeted behavior [16].”
Background
Factors influencing use of the prostate-specific antigen screening test in primary care.
Moran, W. P., Cohen, S. J., Preisser, J. S., Wofford, J. L., Shelton, B. J., & McClatchey, M. W. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 41
Development and Validation of the HIV Medication Readiness Scale
Balfour, L., Tasca, G. A., Kowal, J., Corace, K. M., Cooper, C., Angel, J. B., Garber, G. E., MacPherson, P. A., & Cameron, D. W. (2007) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107304295 · Cited by 41
“…attempt to explain health behavior change, such as the wellness motivation theory (WMT; Fleury, 1991), the transtheoretical model of change (TTM; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986, Prochaska & Velicer, 1997), the health belief model (Rosenstock, 1974), and the patients’ investment and commitment to…”
Background
Convergent and discriminant validity of three measures of stage of change.
Napper, L. E., Wood, M. M., Jaffe, A., Fisher, D. G., Reynolds, G. L., & Klahn, J. A. (2008) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.22.3.362 · Cited by 42
“Keywords Readiness to change; Stages of change; Substance use; Drug abuse The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Behavior Change (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986,1992) has provided an increasingly popular model for understanding how people intentionally modify addictive behaviors.”
BackgroundMethod
The Transtheoretical Model of the Stages of Change and the Phases of Transformative Learning
Moore, M. (2005) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344605279386 · Cited by 53
““The processes of change represent a middle level abstraction between the basic theoretical assumptions of a system of psychotherapy and the techniques proposed by the theory” (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986, p. 7).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Prochaska, J. O., & Diclemente, C. C.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Prochaska, James O.
Diclemente, Carlo C.
Venue: Treating Addictive Behaviors
Publisher: Springer US
Published: 1986
Pages: 3-27
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2191-0_1
OpenAlex: W1851000376
Cited by: 1,877
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 19.69
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: addictive behavior, psychotherapy integration, addiction treatment, therapeutic change process

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