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Double Empathy
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“Milton’s (2012) influential Double Empathy Problem proposes a misalignment between the minds of autistic and nonautistic people, highlighting a lack of reciprocity in cross‐neurotype interactions as the source of social communication difficulties between autistic and nonautistic people (Davis & Crompton, 2021; Milton, Heasman, & Sheppard, 2018; Mitchell, Sheppard, & Cassidy, 2021).”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Milton, Heasman, & Sheppard, 2018
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“As outlined in the double empathy problem (Milton, 2012; Milton et al., 2018) due to the differences in social norms and expectations, both autistic and non-autistic people experience communication, reciprocity and rapport problems during neurodiverse social interactions.”
From Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study (2021) · cites this paper as Milton et al., 2018
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“The ‘double empathy problem’ suggests that due to differences in social norms and expectations, both autistic and non-autistic people experience communication, reciprocity and rapport problems during neurodiverse social interactions.”
From Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study (2021) · cites this paper as Milton et al., 2018
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective
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Self-citationCrompton, C. J., Sharp, M., Axbey, H., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Flynn, E., & Ropar, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586171 · Cited by 299
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Wood‐Downie, H., Wong, B., Kovshoff, H., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z · Cited by 236
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Self-reported camouflaging behaviours used by autistic adults during everyday social interactions
Cook, J. M., Crane, L., Hull, L., Bourne, L., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211026754 · Cited by 129
Mutual (Mis)understanding: Reframing Autistic Pragmatic “Impairments” Using Relevance Theory
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Do First Impressions of Autistic Adults Differ Between Autistic and Nonautistic Observers?
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Ekdahl, D. (2023) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2023.2220180 · Cited by 116
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Cook, J., Crane, L., Bourne, L., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321992641 · Cited by 78
“As outlined in the double empathy problem (Milton, 2012; Milton et al., 2018) due to the differences in social norms and expectations, both autistic and non-autistic people experience communication, reciprocity and rapport problems during neurodiverse social interactions.”
BackgroundInfluentialInvestigating Markers of Rapport in Autistic and Nonautistic Interactions
Rifai, O., Fletcher-Watson, S., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., & Crompton, C. J. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0017 · Cited by 70
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Cage, E., & Burton, H. A. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2191 · Cited by 38
Fasano, R. M., Perry, L. K., Zhang, Y., Vitale, L., Wang, J., Song, C., & Messinger, D. S. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2526 · Cited by 33
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Metadata
- Authors
- Milton, D. E. M., Heasman, B., & Sheppard, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Milton, Damian Elgin Maclean
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2018
- Pages
- 1-8
- OpenAlex
- W4234897114
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Research at York St John (York St John University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disability Rights and Representation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- double empathy problem, autism spectrum disorder, social reciprocity, social dispositions
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