Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy
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Microexpressions were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966.
“They were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966 [244].”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
Microexpressions are brief FEs that people in high stake situations make when trying to conceal their feelings.
“Microexpressions are brief FEs that people in high stake situations make when trying to conceal their feelings.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [244]
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Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception <sup>†</sup>
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Verbal and Nonverbal Communication of Deception
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“Facial expression analysis is based on early work by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) and Ekman and Friesen (1969): while some may try to mask their true emotions for a multitude of personal and social reasons, they suggest that changes in emotions are still reflected in micro-changes in facial…”
MethodA Spontaneous Micro-expression Database: Inducement, collection and baseline
Li, X., Pfister, T., Huang, X., Zhao, G., & Pietikäinen, M. (2013) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553717 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
“Micro-expressions were first found by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [2].”
BackgroundDarwin, Deception, and Facial Expression
Ekman, P. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.010 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
A Main Directional Mean Optical Flow Feature for Spontaneous Micro-Expression Recognition
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“Micro-expressions, once named micro-momentary facial expressions that might be unknown to or uncontrollable for humans, were first discovered in 1966 [3].”
BackgroundCorneanu, C. A., Simon, M. O., Cohn, J. F., & Guerrero, S. E. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2515606 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
“They were first reported by Haggard and Issacs in 1966 [245].”
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CASME database: A dataset of spontaneous micro-expressions collected from neutralized faces
Yan, W., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Wang, S., & Fu, X. (2013) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg.2013.6553799 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The ability to detect deceit generalizes across different types of high-stake lies.
Frank, M. G., & Ekman, P. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.6.1429 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
AN EXPLORATION OF DECEPTION AS A COMMUNICATION CONSTRUCT
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“The phenomenon was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [5] in 1966, who called them micromomentary facial expressions.”
BackgroundAFFECTIVE FACTORS AND THE PROBLEM OF AGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
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Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions of emotion
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“74 The existence of microexpressions was verified almost a 75 century after Darwin by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) while 76 scanning films of psychotherapy sessions.”
BackgroundMethodNonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication.
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“…posits the existence of emotion~specific patterns in the absence of overt expression, with the configuration of facial muscle activity emerging as visibly distinct expressions ofemotion within an individual as emotional intensity increases (Brown & Schwartz, 1980; Haggard & Isaacs, 1966).”
BackgroundMicro-Expression Recognition Using Color Spaces
Wang, S., Yan, W., Li, X., Zhao, G., Zhou, C., Fu, X., Yang, M., & Tao, J. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2496314 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Haggard and Isaacs first discovered micro-expressions (micro-momentary expressions) and viewed them as cues for repressed emotions [8], [9].”
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“A century later, Haggard and Isaacs (1966) and then Ekman and colleagues (e.g., Ekman 1985/2001; Ekman 2006; Frank and Ekman 1997) argued that extremely brief ‘‘flashes’’ of an individual’s true emotion appear on the face uncontrollably as ‘‘micro-expressions.’’”
BackgroundDual Temporal Scale Convolutional Neural Network for Micro-Expression Recognition
Peng, M. C., Wang, C., Chen, T., Liu, G., & Fu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01745 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Micro-expression was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs (1966), they found the Micro-expression is related to self-defense mechanism and can reveal depressed emotions.”
Backgroundde Wijk, R. A., Kooijman, V., Verhoeven, R. H. G., Holthuysen, N. T. E., & de Graaf, C. (2012) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.04.015 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
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Micro-expression recognition based on 3D flow convolutional neural network
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The measurement of nonverbal immediacy
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A Survey of Automatic Facial Micro-Expression Analysis: Databases, Methods, and Challenges
Oh, Y.-H., See, J., Ngo, A. C. L., Phan, R. C. ‐., & Baskaran, V. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01128 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This type of facial expressions is called micro-expressions (MEs) and they were actually first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) three years before the event happened.”
BackgroundDeep Learning for Micro-Expression Recognition: A Survey
Li, Y., Wei, J., Liu, Y. M., Kauttonen, J., & Zhao, G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3205170 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“The ME phenomenon was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [4] in 1966.”
BackgroundEngagement-Disengagement and Early Object Experiences
Beebe, B. A., & Stern, D. N. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0492-1_3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
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“Micro-expression was firstly discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [12] , which were called rapid expressions that showing repressed emotions at that time.”
BackgroundEfficient Spatio-Temporal Local Binary Patterns for Spontaneous Facial Micro-Expression Recognition
Wang, Y., See, J., Phan, R. C. ‐., & Oh, Y.-H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124674 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Micro-expression was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [2] in 1966.”
BackgroundEMPATHY AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING1
Guiora, A. Z., Brannon, R., & Dull, C. Y. (1972) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00077.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“LANGUAGE LEARNING, VOL. 22, NO. 1 EMPATHY 117 Research in psychotherapy by Haggard and Isaacs (1966) provided an intriguing technique which seems to lend itself to measurement of the ability to be aware of subtle cues of another’s affective state.”
BackgroundEffects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions
Shen, X., Wu, Q., & Fu, X. (2012) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b1100063 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Haggard and Isaacs (1966) first discovered microexpressions which they termed " micromomentary " expressions, and Paul EKMAN then formally named them microexpressions (Ekman and Friesen, 1969; Ekman, 2003a).”
BackgroundWang, S.-J., He, Y., Li, J.-T., & Fu, X.-L. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3064258 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“It was first discovered and called “micro-momentary” expressions by Haggard and Isaacs [1] in 1966.”
BackgroundDynamic Micro-Expression Recognition Using Knowledge Distillation
Sun, B., Cao, S., Li, D., He, J. Y. D., & Yu, L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.2986962 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“In 1966, Haggard et al. first introduced the concept of micro-expression [1].”
BackgroundSpotting Rapid Facial Movements from Videos Using Appearance-Based Feature Difference Analysis
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“Micro-expressions are brief and involuntary facial expressions that usually appear when people are trying to conceal their true feelings, or are unintentionally showing repressed emotions [3] [8].”
BackgroundSocial Spammer Detection with Sentiment Information
Hu, X., Tang, J., Gao, H., & Liu, H. (2014) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm.2014.141 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“The characteristics of social media services present great challenges to capture the deception of social spammers.”
BackgroundA main directional maximal difference analysis for spotting facial movements from long-term videos
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“[6], and were called rapid expressions that showed repressed emotions.”
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Facial Micro-Expressions: An Overview
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“The research of MEs can be traced back to 1966 when Haggard and Isaacs [22] first reported finding one kind of short-lived facial behavior in psychotherapy that is too fast to be observed with the naked eyes.”
BackgroundA Cross-Cultural Study of Recognition Thresholds for Facial Expressions of Emotion
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4DME: A Spontaneous 4D Micro-Expression Dataset With Multimodalities
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Does “lie to me” lie to you? An evaluation of facial clues to high-stakes deception
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“As early as 1966, Haggard and Isaacs claimed that they had observed some “micro-momentary” expressions when scanning some psychotherapy films [94].”
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“Haggard and Isaacs first discovered MEs and viewed them as cues for repressed emotions [8].”
BackgroundA tool for the analysis of motion picture film or video tape.
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What Your Face Vlogs About: Expressions of Emotion and Big-Five Traits Impressions in YouTube
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ResultINTELLIGENCE AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AS SOURCES OF VARIANCE IN SELF‐REPORTED AFFECTIVE VARIABLES1
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“Prefacing the notion that microexpressions were possible indicators of deception, Haggard and Isaacs (1966) analyzed the relation between microexpressions and the manifest verbal content spoken when microexpressions occurred and suggested that inconsistencies between them were areas of concealed…”
BackgroundInfluentialOptical strain based recognition of subtle emotions
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“[5] discovered the existence of micromomentory expressions in a video recording of nonverbal communication between a therapist and a patient.”
BackgroundFor micro-expression recognition: Database and suggestions
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“There is a special type of expressions called “micro-expressions” that were first found by Haggard and Isaacs [5].”
BackgroundSparse tensor canonical correlation analysis for micro-expression recognition
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Four Misconceptions About Nonverbal Communication
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“Haggard and Isaacs were the first to discover micro-expression (describing them micro momentary expressions) in their study of psychotherapy interviews[2] .”
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Microexpressions and Deception
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LANGUAGE AND PERSON STUDIES IN LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR1
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“Micro-expression, once called micromomentary facial expression in 1966 [4], was renamed by Ekman [5] a few years later.”
BackgroundPERSONALITY AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR: A RESTATEMENT1
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“…to avoid frauds [1]; ii) revealing latent emotions required for affective computing as in video summarization [3] and commercial advertisement rating [4]; iii) monitoring suspicious intent for psychotherapy [2]; iv) augmented reality by improving face synthesis; and v) clinical diagnosis [5].”
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“Microexpression was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [2].”
BackgroundDeep3DCANN: A Deep 3DCNN-ANN framework for spontaneous micro-expression recognition
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“Haggard and Isaacs [14] first discovered “micromomen-tary expressions (MMEs)”, when looking at the psychother-apeutic interview films in a therapy.”
BackgroundDo you see what I see? Learning to detect micro expressions of emotion
Hurley, C. M. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9257-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Motion descriptors for micro-expression recognition
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Nonverbal Communication and Counseling/Psychotherapy: A Review
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Background factors predicting accuracy and improvement in micro expression recognition
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“Haggard and Isaacs (1966) first noted their existence—which they called micro momentary expressions—by studying clinical interviews.”
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Local Temporal Pattern and Data Augmentation for Spotting Micro-Expressions
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“The existence of MEs was first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [7].”
BackgroundA perceptual motor theory of emotion
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Facial expressions in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and their use by conspecifics
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“Indeed, the most important facial displays in humans, ‘micro-expressions’, are thought to be the result of involuntary responses to emotions (Ekman 1992, 1999; Haggard and Isaacs 1966; Magnee et al. 2007).”
BackgroundLAENet for micro-expression recognition
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DFME: A New Benchmark for Dynamic Facial Micro-Expression Recognition
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“When scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, Haggard et al. observed short-lived, imperceptible facial expressions and defined them as micro-momentary expressions [3].”
Review of Automatic Microexpression Recognition in the Past Decade
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“The concept of a microexpression was first introduced by Haggard et al. [3] in 1966.”
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“The reliability of the coding was ensured by a training course at the Study Group of Prof. Eva Bänninger-Huber from Innsbruck University, followed by a standardized final test, which was independently evaluated by Paul Ekman’s group.”
BackgroundFacial micro-expression recognition based on the fusion of deep learning and enhanced optical flow
Li, Q., Zhan, S., Xu, L., & Wu, C. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6857-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Haggard and Isaacs [15] firstly found a kind of imperceptible instantaneous expression which expressed the depressed emotions in 1966.”
BackgroundEmotion spotting: discovering regions of evidence in audio-visual emotion expressions
Kim, Y., & Provost, E. M. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/2993148.2993151 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, there has been less exploration on how multiple modalities unfold emotion over time and whether partial information may be sufficient for inferring human emotion [12, 13, 34].”
BackgroundGraph-Based Facial Affect Analysis: A Review
Liu, Y. M., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhou, J., Li, X., & Zhao, G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3215918 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The earliest well-known studies came from [167] as well as [168].”
BackgroundInvestigating Communicative Feedback Phenomena across Languages and Modalities
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Learning a sparse codebook of facial and body microexpressions for emotion recognition
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“These have been shown to be an important factor in understanding human emotion [11, 8].”
BackgroundAutomatic micro-expression apex spotting using Cubic-LBP
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“MEs, once named micro-momentary facial expressions, were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs in 1966 [8].”
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Automatic Micro-Expression Analysis: Open Challenges
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“…often occurring in high-stake situations when people try to conceal or mask their true feelings, became well-known since 1960s, from the work of Haggard and Isaacs (1966) in which micro-expression was firstly termed as micromomentary facial expressions, and later from the work of Ekman and…”
BackgroundLearning two groups of discriminative features for micro-expression recognition
Wei, J., Lu, G., Yan, J., et al. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2021.12.088 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Empathy, emotion dysregulation, and enhanced microexpression recognition ability
Svetieva, E., & Frank, M. G. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9528-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cerebellum and Emotion Processing
Baumann, O., & Mattingley, J. B. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Study of Facial Micro-expressions in Psychology
Bhushan, B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1934-7_13 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
High-Speed Video System for Micro-Expression Detection and Recognition
Borza, D. L., Danescu, R. G., Itu, R., et al. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17122913 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Micro-expressions (MEs) were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [1]: by reviewing psychotherapeutic interviews, they observed “micro-momentary” facial expressions and explained them as a result of repression.”
BackgroundA comprehensive survey on facial micro-expression: approaches and databases
Esmaeili, V., Feghhi, M. M., & Shahdi, S. O. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13133-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“It was just the first time where Haggard and Isaacs [34] come up with the idea of micromomentary facial expressions as they scanning motion pictures psychotherapy films [114].”
BackgroundMicroexpressions in digital humans: perceived affect, sincerity, and trustworthiness
Tastemirova, A., Schneider, J., Kruse, L. C., Heinzle, S., & Brocke, J. V. (2022) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00563-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Real-time emotion detection by quantitative facial motion analysis
Saadon, J. R., Yang, F., Burgert, R., Mohammad, S., Gammel, T., Sepe, M., Rafailovich, M. H., Mikell, C. B., Polak, P., & Mofakham, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282730 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The idea that subtle facial movements can build throughout the experience of a particular emotional state distinguishes our observations from Ekman’s microexpressions, which are thought to last only a fraction of a second [27,45].”
Radlak, K., Bożek, M., & Bogdan Smolka, B. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2823465.2823469 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In this paper we will focus only on three factors that are suggested in the literature as the indicators to deception and were annotated in our database: eye closures, gaze aversions with saccadic eye movements and subtle facial changes, which were inspired by micro-expressions discovered by Haggard and Isaacs [12] an…”
MethodHierarchical support vector machine for facial micro-expression recognition
Pan, H., Xie, L., Lv, Z., Li, J., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-09475-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Haggard et al. [9] first proposed the concept of micro-expressions and found a short, hard-to-detect facial expression.”
BackgroundA comparative study on movement feature in different directions for micro-expression recognition
Wei, J., Lu, G., & Yan, J. (2021) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2021.03.063 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tang, J., Li, L., Tang, M., & Xie, J. (2022) · Signal Image and Video Processing · doi:10.1007/s11760-022-02286-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cost-Effective CNNs for Real-Time Micro-Expression Recognition
Belaiche, R., Liu, Y., Migniot, C., Dominique Ginhac, B., & Yang, F. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10144959 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“29 Micro-Expression (ME) is a rapid and involuntary facial expression that exposes a person’s true 30 emotion [6].”
Background
- Authors
- Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S.
- Venue
- Methods of Research in Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1966
- Pages
- 154-165
- OpenAlex
- W65855405
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- facial expressions, micro-expressions, psychotherapy, therapeutic process, nonverbal behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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