The Apportionment of Human Diversity
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Genetic differences among populations, as measured by FST, are small in comparison with variation within populations.
“The genetic apportionment computation shows that genetic differences among populations, as measured by FST, are small in comparison with variation within populations [45–47].”
From Interpreting polygenic scores, polygenic adaptation, and human phenotypic differences (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jost, L. (2006) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x · Cited by 4,669 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200305 · Cited by 4,786 · see citing works
<i>G</i> <sub>ST</sub> and its relatives do not measure differentiation
JOST, L. (2008) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03887.x · Cited by 2,435 · see citing works
Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination
WILLIAMS, D. R. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Statistics and Partitioning of Species Diversity, and Similarity among Multiple Communities
Lande, R. (1996) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545743 · Cited by 1,409 · see citing works
Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions
Williams, D. R. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00051-3 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping
Shriver, M. D., Parra, E. J., Dios, S., Bonilla, C., Norton, H., Jovel, C., Pfaff, C., Jones, C., Massac, A., Cameron, N., et al. (2003) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Simpson diversity and the Shannon–Wiener index as special cases of a generalized entropy
Keylock, C. J. (2005) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13735.x · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Mersha, T. B., & Abebe, T. (2015) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-014-0023-x · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Craniometric variation among modern human populations
Relethford, J. H. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950105 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The evolution of human skin and skin color
Jablonski, N. G. (2004) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143955 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity
Roseman, C. C., & Weaver, T. D. (2004) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10424 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Doris, J. M., & The Moral Psychology Research Group (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.001.0001 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Climate signatures in the morphological differentiation of worldwide modern human populations
Hubbe, M., Hanihara, T., & Harvati, K. (2009) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.20976 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Race Matters? Examining and Rethinking Race Portrayal in Preclinical Medical Education
Tsai, J., Ucik, L., Baldwin, N., Hasslinger, C., & George, P. (2016) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001232 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Human pigmentation variation: evolution, genetic basis, and implications for public health
Parra, E. J. (2007) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20727 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Ontogenetic integration of the hominoid face
ACKERMANN, R. (2005) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.001 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
McEvoy, B., Beleza, S., & Shriver, M. D. (2006) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl217 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Identifying genes underlying skin pigmentation differences among human populations
Myles, S., Somel, M., Tang, K., Kelso, J., & Stoneking, M. (2006) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0256-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A scan for signatures of positive selection in candidate loci for skin pigmentation in humans
Izagirre, N., García, I., Junquera, C., de la Rúa, C., & Alonso, S. (2006) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msl030 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Indo‐European origins: A computer‐simulation test of five hypotheses
Barbujani, G., Sokal, R. R., & Oden, N. L. (1995) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330960202 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Interpreting polygenic scores, polygenic adaptation, and human phenotypic differences
Rosenberg, N. A., Edge, M. D., Pritchard, J. K., & Feldman, M. W. (2019) · Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoy036 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Maglo, K. N., Mersha, T. B., & Martin, L. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2016.00022 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Generalized Analysis of Molecular Variance
Nievergelt, C. M., Libiger, O., & Schork, N. J. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030051 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
<scp>Janus‐faced</scp> race: Is race biological, social, or mythical?
Hochman, A. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24169 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Edge, & Rosenberg (2015) · Human Biology · doi:10.13110/humanbiology.87.4.0313 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Inbreeding and surnames: A projection into Easter Island's past
González‐Martín, A., García‐Moro, C., Hernández, M., & Moral, P. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20285 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis
Brinkworth, J. F., & Shaw, J. G. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24527 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lewontin, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lewontin, R. C.
- Venue
- Evolutionary Biology
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1972
- Pages
- 381-398
- OpenAlex
- W2142927666
- Cited by
- 2,472
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 117 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- human diversity, intergroup variation, phenotypic variability, demes, species concept, racial classification, genetic variation, human evolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review