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Cited by 21Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Principles of Astrogliopathology

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Verkhratsky, Alexei, Li, Baoman, Scuderi, Caterina, Parpura, Vladimir·2021·Advances in Neurobiology
DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_3PMC PMC8999877
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Abstract

The role of astrocytes in the nervous system pathology was early on embraced by neuroscientists at end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, only to be pushed aside by neurone-centric dogmas during most of the twentieth century. However, the last decade of the twentieth century and the twenty-first century have brought the astroglial "renaissance", which has put astroglial cells as key players in pathophysiology of most if not all disorders of the nervous system and has regarded astroglia as a fertile ground for therapeutic intervention.Astrocytic contribution to neuropathology can be primary, whereby cell-autonomous changes, such as mutations in gene encoding for glial fibrillary acidic protein, can drive the pathologic progression, in this example, Alexander disease. They can also be secondary, when astrocytes respond to a variety of insults to the nervous tissue. Regardless of their origin, being cell-autonomous or not, changes in astroglia that occur in pathology, that is, astrogliopathology, can be contemporary and arbitrary classified into four forms: (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astrocytic atrophy with loss of function, (iii) pathological remodelling of astrocytes and (iv) astrodegeneration morphologically manifested as clasmatodendrosis. Inevitably, as with any other classification, this classification of astrogliopathology awaits its revision that shall be rooted in new discoveries and concepts.

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  • Under pathological conditions, astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis characterized by morphological and functional changes such as hypertrophy, process elongation, up-regulation of GFAP, or dynamic relocalization of proteins such as aquaporin-4.

    “Under pathological conditions, they undergo reactive astrogliosis, characterized by morphological and functional changes such as hypertrophy, process elongation, up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (2–5), or dynamic relocalization of proteins such as aquaporin-4 (6, 7).”

    From Varicose projection astrocytes: Conserved reactive cells in brain pathology (2026) · cites this paper as [3]

    The “Reactive Astrogliosis” section describes a response to pathology involving morphological and functional remodelling, and specifically reports hypertrophy and GFAP up-regulation. It describes changes in process thickness, sometimes with retraction of distal leaflets, but does not establish process elongation. The aquaporin-4 clause has its own citations (6, 7), so it is not attributed to this source in the printed sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Verkhratsky, A., Li, B., Scuderi, C., & Parpura, V.
Affiliations
  • Ikerbasque (ES)
  • China Medical University (CN)
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Corresponding author
Verkhratsky, Alexei
ORCID
Venue
Advances in Neurobiology
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published
2021
Volume
26
Pages
55-73
ISSN
  • 2190-5215 (ISSN-L)
  • 2190-5223
DOI
10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_3
PMC
PMC8999877
OpenAlex
W4205809378
Cited by
21
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3
FWCI
7.09
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Advances in neurobiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM123971)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords
astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Alexander disease, neurodegenerative diseases
MeSH terms
Astrocytes, Atrophy, Gliosis, Humans, Alexander Disease

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