Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration
Open accessAbstract
Transected axons fail to regrow in the mature central nervous system. Astrocytic scars are widely regarded as causal in this failure. Here, using three genetically targeted loss-of-function manipulations in adult mice, we show that preventing astrocyte scar formation, attenuating scar-forming astrocytes, or ablating chronic astrocytic scars all failed to result in spontaneous regrowth of transected corticospinal, sensory or serotonergic axons through severe spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions. By contrast, sustained local delivery via hydrogel depots of required axon-specific growth factors not present in SCI lesions, plus growth-activating priming injuries, stimulated robust, laminin-dependent sensory axon regrowth past scar-forming astrocytes and inhibitory molecules in SCI lesions. Preventing astrocytic scar formation significantly reduced this stimulated axon regrowth. RNA sequencing revealed that astrocytes and non-astrocyte cells in SCI lesions express multiple axon-growth-supporting molecules. Our findings show that contrary to the prevailing dogma, astrocyte scar formation aids rather than prevents central nervous system axon regeneration.
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Transcriptomic profiling shows that reactive astrocytes adopt distinct molecular states in different disease models, in different CNS regions, and in brain tumors.
“Such transcriptomic profiling specifically shows that reactive astrocytes adopt distinct molecular states in different disease models48,66–70, in different CNS regions70, and in brain tumors71.”
From Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
The Extended Data compare RNA-seq profiles of spinal-cord-injury reactive astrocytes with previously reported forebrain stroke-reactive astrocytes; only 58.5% of the top elevated forebrain genes were also significantly elevated after spinal cord injury. This supports molecular differences between those contexts, but disease model and CNS region change together, so the paper does not establish distinct states attributable to region independently. The brain-tumor clause is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReactive astrocytes are diverse, as demonstrated by transcriptomic profiling of mouse bulk astrocytes or preselected astrocyte populations.
“Likewise, reactive astrocytes are also diverse, as unequivocally demonstrated by microarray-based66–68 and RNAseq-based48,69–71 transcriptomic profiling of mouse bulk astrocytes48,66–70 or of astrocyte populations preselected according to cell-surface markers71.”
From Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
Activation of STAT3-dependent transcription is beneficial in neonatal white matter injury, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and motor neuron injury, but detrimental in AD models.
“For example, activation of STAT3-dependent transcription is beneficial in neonatal white matter injury47, traumatic brain injury30, spinal cord injury48,49, and motor neuron injury50, but detrimental in AD models42,43.”
From Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Anderson, M. A., Burda, J. E., Ren, Y., Ao, Y., O’Shea, T. M., Kawaguchi, R., Coppola, G., Khakh, B. S., Deming, T. J., & Sofroniew, M. V.
- Affiliations
- Tongji University (CN)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sofroniew, Michael V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-03-30
- Volume
- 532
- Issue
- 7598
- Pages
- 195-200
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5243141
- OpenAlex
- W2335534790
- Cited by
- 1,851
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 250 · 2020: 224 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 62
- FWCI
- 97.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH099559, MH104069, MH099559A, DP1MH104069)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS084030, NS057624, NS060677, R01NS060677, R01NS057624, P30NS062691, R01NS084030)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- axon regeneration, spinal cord injury, central nervous system injury, corticospinal axons, sensory axons, serotonergic axons, hydrogel delivery, laminin, axon growth inhibition, astrocytes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Axons, Central Nervous System, Cicatrix, Female, Models, Biological, Nerve Regeneration, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Cord Injuries, Reproducibility of Results, Genomics, Mice
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