Self-Verification Theory
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Subjects tend to strive to think well of themselves.
“since subjects tend to strive to think well of themselves (Talaifar and Swann 2017)”
From What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? (2022) · cites this paper as Talaifar and Swann 2017
About 70% of the general population has a positive self-conception.
“This is well established when it comes to one's beliefs about oneself (about 70% of the general population has a positive self-conception; Talaifar and Swann 2017: 4) and one's family members (Wenger and Fowers 2008).”
From What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? (2022) · cites this paper as Talaifar and Swann 2017
Insignificant confirmation bias for non-social matters contrasts with significant confirmation bias for beliefs about people and social affairs subject can determine.
“This insignificant confirmation bias with respect to beliefs about non-social matters contrasts with findings of a significant confirmation bias with respect to beliefs about people (Talaifar and Swann 2017;Goodwin et al. 2000;Marks and Fraley 2006;Darley and Gross 1983), and, as I shall argue now, social affairs whose reality the subject can determine.”
From What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? (2022) · cites this paper as Talaifar and Swann 2017
Confirmation bias is more pronounced with respect to social beliefs compared to non-social beliefs.
“Finally, there is also evidence that confirmation bias is more pronounced with respect to social beliefs compared to non-social beliefs.”
From What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? (2022) · cites this paper as Talaifar and Swann 2017
Cites
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,408 · see citing works
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation.
Chapman, D. W., & Āllport, G. W. (1938) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2785590 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Motivational and emotional aspects of the self
Leary, M. R. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Identity fusion: the interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior.
Swann, W. B., Gómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Morales, J. F., & Huici, C. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013668 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales
Sacks, O. W. (1985) · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Self-Consistency; A Theory of Personality
Lecky, P. (1946) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416845 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification.
Swann, W. B., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.782 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Self-citationAgreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification.
Swann, W. B., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.5.782 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.3.478 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.478 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Swann, W. B. (2012) · Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n27 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthenticity and positivity strivings in marriage and courtship.
Swann, W. B., Ronde, C. D. L., & Hixon, J. G. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.857 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Self-citationFinding Value in Diversity: Verification of Personal and Social Self-Views in Diverse Groups
Swann, W., Polzer, J. T., Seyle, D., & Ko, S.-J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2004.11851702 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Self-citationApproval and Disapproval: Infant Responsiveness to Vocal Affect in Familiar and Unfamiliar Languages
Fernald, A. E. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02934.x · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-Consistency, a Theory of Personality.
Hartmann, G. W. (1946) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0050877 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Allure of negative feedback: Self-verification strivings among depressed persons.
Swann, W. B., Wenzlaff, R. M., Krull, D. S., & Pelham, B. W. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.2.293 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationAcquiring self-knowledge: The search for feedback that fits.
Swann, W. B., & Read, S. J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1119 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationKwang, T., & Swann, W. B. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310365876 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales
Brust, J. C. M. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.12.1628 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Swann, W. B., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.1.17 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationNeff, L. A., & Karney, B. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.480 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Should we create a niche or fall in line? Identity negotiation and small group effectiveness.
Jr. Swann William, B., Milton, L. P., & Polzer, J. T. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.238 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Intimates as agents of social support: Sources of consolation or despair?
Swann, W. B., & Predmore, S. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1609 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationSwann, W. B., Wenzlaff, R. M., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.2.314 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationIS MORE FAIRNESS ALWAYS PREFERRED? SELF-ESTEEM MODERATES REACTIONS TO PROCEDURAL JUSTICE.
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Swann, W. B., Brockner, J., & Bartel, C. A. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/20159922 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationSwann, W., Kwan, V. S. Y., Polzer, J. T., & Milton, L. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256868 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationMarigold, D. C., Holmes, J. G., & Ross, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.232 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-Verification Motives at the Collective Level of Self-Definition.
Chen, S., Chen, K. Y., & Shaw, L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.77 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Wood, J., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Lee, J. W. (2009) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02370.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Praise Paradox: When and Why Praise Backfires in Children With Low Self‐Esteem
Brummelman, E., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2016) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12171 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The cost of good fortune: When positive life events produce negative health consequences.
Brown, J. D., & McGill, K. L. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1103 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Cassidy, J., Ziv, Y., Mehta, T. G., & Feeney, B. C. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.7402019 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Identity negotiation: A theory of self and social interaction
Swann, W. B., & Bosson, J. K. (2008) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationGómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Huici, C., & Swann, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016358 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationMarigold, D. C., Cavallo, J. V., Holmes, J. G., & Wood, J. V. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036554 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities
Swann, W. B., Bosson, J. K., & Pelham, B. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812007 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationDo people want to be flattered or understood? The cross-cultural universality of self-verification
Seih, Y., Buhrmester, M. D., Lin, Y.-C., Huang, C., & Swann, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.09.004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationAyduk, Ö. N., Gyurak, A., Akinola, M., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612471827 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., Newby‐Clark, I. R., & Ross, M. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.764 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Finally, someone who “gets” me! Multiracial people value others’ accuracy about their race.
Remedios, J. D., & Chasteen, A. L. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032249 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
How would the self be remembered? Evidence for posthumous self-verification
Heintzelman, S. J., Trent, J., & King, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.12.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias?
Peters, U. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-020-00252-1 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Daily mistrust: A resource perspective and its implications for work and home
Lanaj, K., Kim, P. H., Koopman, J., & Matta, F. K. (2018) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12268 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Arens, E. A., & Stangier, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00238 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kirby, T. A., Barreto, M., Korine, R., Hendy, J., Osman, L., Stadie, S., & Tan, D. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2996 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Noon, E. J., Yang, C., Pešout, O., Stefańczyk, M., & Seiler, G. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108278 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Identity gaps and negotiations among layers of young farmers: Case study in Indonesia
Widiyanti, E., Karsidi, R., Wijaya, M., & Utari, P. (2020) · Open Agriculture · doi:10.1515/opag-2020-0041 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Newton, C., & Perlow, R. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294121989298 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Karsten, K., & DiCicco‐Bloom, B. (2014) · Teaching and learning in nursing · doi:10.1016/j.teln.2014.04.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Budnick, C. J., Anderson, E. M., Santuzzi, A. M., Grippo, A. J., & Matuszewich, L. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1530349 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Less biased yet more defensive: The impact of control processes.
Vitriol, J. A., O'Shea, B. A., & Calanchini, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000468 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Perceptions of Peer and Teacher Goals Predict Academic Achievement Goals among Adolescents
Hemi, A., Madjar, N., & Rich, Y. (2023) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2023.2229778 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of self-identity on social anxiety among college students: a moderated mediation model
Guo, S., Yang, J., Zhang, S., Xue, D., & Liu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1622431 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Üngüren, E., Tekin, Ö. A., & Avsallı, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1668413 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hui, Z., Liu, Y., Shi, Y., & ZHANG, N. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00398 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RETRACTED CHAPTER: Analysis of Self-presentation and Self-verification of the Users on Twitter
Shoeibi, N. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53829-3_25 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gender Bias in Creativity: A Process Model for Understanding the Gender Gap in Creative Achievement
Taylor, C. L. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251360739 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
KAPUSUZ, S., & ÖZATA, F. Z. (2023) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18037/ausbd.1302284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
İş Hayatı Perspektifinde Örgütsel Politik Davranış ve Benlik Sunumu Kuramı İlişkisi
KARAKULLE, İ., & ÇAKIR, P. (2024) · Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18506/anemon.1415199 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-brand Connection: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research AgendaPreprint
Khurram, M., Anwar, N., Sameeni, M. S., & Qadeer, F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5383339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
القدرة التنبؤیة لهویة عدم الیقین بدافع التحقق الذاتى لدى طلاب الصف الأول بالمرحلة الثانویة
الخیر, م. ب. م. أ. ا. أ. (2022) · مجلة البحث في التربية وعلم النفس · doi:10.21608/mathj.2022.104283.1161
ÖRGÜTLERDE ÖZ DOĞRULAMA ÇALIŞMALARININ BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ
YILDIRIM, E. (2025) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1645755
The Impact of Self-Esteem on Loneliness: From the Perspective of Dual-Structure Self-Esteem
田欣悦 (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.161026
Kim, K., Choi, J., Yang, H., Choi, H., Kim, M., Shin, M., & Suh, B. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791932
Self-esteem modulates directed forgetting of emotional social feedback
Ye, M., Lin, Z., Yi, Y., & Jia, L. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05223-9
- Authors
- Talaifar, S., & Swann, W. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Talaifar, Sanaz
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2017
- Pages
- 1-9
- OpenAlex
- W4253269044
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2014: 1
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- self-verification theory, self-concept, self-view, social evaluation, interpersonal attraction, self-presentation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review