The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable, Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Grieves and Vickers [35] have identified two subtypes of DT, namely: Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) and Digital Twin Instance (DTI).”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“predictive maintenance [35]”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The authors of [35] proposed the term”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“After the completion of a physical system, data obtained from the physical spaces is sent to the virtual space and reciprocally, used to oversee and anticipate the system's performance [35].”
From Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0 (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“A Digital Twin consists of three primary components: the physical system, the virtual system, and the service system, along with Digital Twin Data that continuously connect these elements [4,100].”
From Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that Grieves' definition of Digital Twin [6] does not apply to systems that show an Evolutionary Emergence, i.e., systems that exhibit a deliberate capability to learn and modify their behavior in order to adapt to changing conditions.”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“If a user cannot distinguish a virtual product from a physical one, under appropriate simulation conditions, then a virtual representation of the physical object could be considered a Digital Twin [6].”
From Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
(1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92216-0 · Cited by 46,726
I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE
TURING, A. M. (1950) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433 · Cited by 10,290
Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)
Turing, A. M. (2004) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198250791.003.0017 · Cited by 6,120
Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies
Grimes, A. J., & Perrow, C. B. (1985) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/257982 · Cited by 4,985
Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies
Cummings, L. L., & Perrow, C. (1984) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392945 · Cited by 2,861
How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition
Porter, M. E., & Heppelmann, J. E. (2014) · Harvard business review · Cited by 2,600
The Digital Twin Paradigm for Future NASA and U.S. Air Force Vehicles
Glaessgen, E., & Stargel, D. (2012) · 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference 20th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA · doi:10.2514/6.2012-1818 · Cited by 2,404
Mitchell, M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195124415.001.0001 · Cited by 2,310
Towards a System of Systems Concepts
Ackoff, R. L. (1971) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.17.11.661 · Cited by 1,204
Reengineering aircraft structural life prediction using a digital twin
Tuegel, E. J., Ingraffea, A. R., Eason, T. G., & Spottswood, S. M. (2011) · International Journal of Aerospace Engineering · doi:10.1155/2011/154798 · Cited by 1,119
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Grieves, M. (2011). Virtually perfect: Driving innovative and lean products through product lifecycle management. Cocoa Beach, FL: Space Coast Press.
- Grieves, M. (2009). Virtually perfect: Driving innovative and lean products through product lifecycle management. Cocoa Beach, FL: Space Coast Press.
- Grieves, M. (2014). Process, practice, and innovation. In P. Gupta & B. Trusko (Eds.), Global innovation science handbook (pp. 159–172). New York: McGraw Hill Professional.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.474 · Cited by 3,612
Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review
Jones, D., Snider, C., Nassehi, A., Yon, J., & Hicks, B. (2020) · CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.02.002 · Cited by 2,422
“In a later paper [34], Grieves further aligned the Digital Twin to the product life-cycle through the expansion of the concept via the introduction of the Digital Twin Prototype, Digital Twin Instance, Digital Twin Aggregate, and Digital Twin Environment (defined in Table 1).”
BackgroundMethodReview of digital twin about concepts, technologies, and industrial applications
Liu, M., Fang, S., Dong, H., & Xu, C. (2020) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.06.017 · Cited by 2,075
A Review of the Roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based Production Systems
Negri, E., Fumagalli, L., & Macchi, M. (2017) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.198 · Cited by 1,669
Digital twin shop-floor: a new shop-floor paradigm towards smart manufacturing
Tao, F., & Zhang, M. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2756069 · Cited by 1,397
“[37], [38].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Grieves, M., & Vickers, J.
- Affiliations
- Florida Institute of Technology (US)
- Marshall Space Flight Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grieves, Michael
- Venue
- Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2016-08-17
- Pages
- 85-113
- OpenAlex
- W2518003110
- Semantic Scholar
- 157d07292ffadb2c17d100f5b0471b356868ab3e
- Cited by
- 3,727
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 697 · 2025: 743 · 2024: 619 · 2023: 580 · 2022: 431 · 2021: 296 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 138.63
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Complex Systems and Decision Making
- Keywords
- digital twin, emergent behavior, complex systems, product life cycle, systems engineering, normal accidents, human interaction, front-running, NASA
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