Cited by 197Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingReceptor Mechanisms and SignalingCellular transport and secretion

The Phospholipase C Isozymes and Their Regulation

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Gresset, Aurelie, Sondek, John, Harden, T. Kendall·2012·Subcellular Biochemistry

Abstract

The physiological effects of many extracellular neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and other stimuli are mediated by receptor-promoted activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and consequential activation of inositol lipid signaling pathways. These signaling responses include the classically described conversion of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)P(2) to the Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger inositol(1,4,5)P(3) and the protein kinase C-activating second messenger diacylglycerol as well as alterations in membrane association or activity of many proteins that harbor phosphoinositide binding domains. The 13 mammalian PLCs elaborate a minimal catalytic core typified by PLC-d to confer multiple modes of regulation of lipase activity. PLC-b isozymes are activated by Gaq- and Gbg-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and activation of PLC-g isozymes occurs through phosphorylation promoted by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. PLC-e and certain members of the PLC-b and PLC-g subclasses of isozymes are activated by direct binding of small G proteins of the Ras, Rho, and Rac subfamilies of GTPases. Recent high resolution three dimensional structures together with biochemical studies have illustrated that the X/Y linker region of the catalytic core mediates autoinhibition of most if not all PLC isozymes. Activation occurs as a consequence of removal of this autoinhibition.

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  • Mammalian PLC enzymes that use phosphoinositides, preferentially PI(4,5)P2, are grouped into six families (β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η).

    “In mammals, PLC enzymes that use phosphoinositides (preferentially PI(4,5)P2) as their substrates have been grouped into six families (β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η).”
  • Signalling connectivity is best defined for GPCRs and PLCβ isoforms via G-protein α and βγ subunits, and for RTKs and tyrosine kinases linked to ITAM-associated receptors that activate PLC enzymes by direct phosphorylation.

    “Overall, the signalling connectivity remains best defined for the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and PLCβ isoforms, mediated by the α and βγ subunits of G-proteins, and for the RTKs and tyrosine kinases linked to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-associated receptors, that activate PLC enzymes by direct phosphorylation.”
  • There are thirteen PLCs in mammals: four PLCβ, two PLCγ, three PLCδ, one PLCε, one PLCζ and two PLCη.

    “Within each family are multiple members: four PLCβ (1–4), two PLCγ (1 and 2), three PLCδ (1, 3, 4), one PLCε, one PLCζ and two PLCη (1 and 2) making thirteen PLCs in total (reviewed in [27–33]) (Figure 3A).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Heinz DW Essen LO Williams RL 1998 Structural and mechanistic comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C J Mol Biol 275 635 650 9466937
  2. Hepler JR Gilman AG 1992 G proteins Trends Biochem Sci 17 383 387 1455506
  3. Suh BC Hille B 2008 PIP2 is a necessary cofactor for ion channel function: how and why? Annu Rev Biophys 37 175 195 18573078 PMC2692585
  4. Zhang W Sloan-Lancaster J Kitchen J Trible RP Samelson LE 1998 LAT: the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase substrate that links T cell receptor to cellular activation Cell 92 83 92 9489702

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Authors
Gresset, A., Sondek, J., & Harden, T. K.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author
Harden, T. Kendall
Venue
Subcellular Biochemistry
Published
2012
Volume
58
Pages
61-94
ISSN
0306-0225 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W199111168
Cited by
196
References
208
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
FWCI
18.57
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM057391)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Keywords
phospholipase C isozymes, inositol lipid signaling, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, heterotrimeric G proteins, tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, small GTPases, Ras, Rho, Rac, autoinhibition, catalytic core, calcium signaling
MeSH terms
Animals, Diglycerides, Enzyme Activation, Eukaryotic Cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Isoenzymes, Models, Molecular, Type C Phospholipases, Phosphorylation, Second Messenger Systems, Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate, Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins

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