Facial expression and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia and depression
Abstract
Twenty-three acute schizophrenics, 21 acute major depressives (Research Diagnostic Criteria), and 15 normal controls participated in a study on facial expression and emotional face recognition. Under clinical conditions, spontaneous facial expression was assessed according to the affective flattening section of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Under experimental laboratory conditions involuntary (emotion-eliciting interview) and voluntary facial expression (imitation and simulation of six basic emotions) were recorded on videotape, from which a raterbased analysis of intensity or correctness of facial activity was obtained. Emotional face recognition was also assessed under experimental conditions using the same stimulus material. All subjects were assessed twice (within 4 weeks), controlling for change of the psychopathological status in the patient groups. In schizophrenics, neuroleptic drug influence was controlled by random allocation to treatment with either haloperidol or perazine. The main findings were that schizophrenics and depressives are characterized by different quantitative, qualitative, and temporal patterns of affect-related dysfunctions. In particular, schizophrenics demonstrated a trait-like deficit in affect recognition and in their spontaneous and voluntary facial activity, irrespective of medication, drug type and dosage, or extrapyramidal side-effects. In depressives a stable deficit could be demonstrated only in their involuntary expression under emotion-eliciting interview conditions, whereas in the postacute phase a reduction in their voluntary expression became apparent. Differences in patterns of affect-related behavioral deficits may reflect dysfunctions in different underlying psychobiological systems.
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Schizophrenia sometimes involves overimitation, manifesting as echolalia or echopraxia.
“Indeed, overimitation is sometimes seen in schizophrenia in the form of symptoms like echolalia or echopraxia.31,32”
From Enhanced Automatic Action Imitation and Intact Imitation-Inhibition in Schizophrenia (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Gaebel, W., & Wölwer, W.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- ORCID
- Wölwer, Wolfgang
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 1992-09
- Volume
- 242
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-52
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- OpenAlex
- W2011370092
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- facial expressions, facial emotion recognition, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, affective flattening, negative symptoms, spontaneous facial expressions, emotion induction, haloperidol, perazine, antipsychotic drugs, extrapyramidal symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Research Design, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Videotape Recording, Visual Perception
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