Very long chain fatty acids in higher animals: a review
Abstract
Fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms (very long chain fatty acids, VLCFA) are present in small amounts in most animal tissues. Saturated and monoenoic VLCFA are major components of brain, while the polyenoic VLCFA occur in significant amounts in certain specialized animal tissues such as retina and spermatozoa. Biosynthesis of VLCFA occurs by carbon chain elongation of shorter chain fatty acid precursors while beta-oxidation takes place almost exclusively in peroxisomes. Mitochondria are unable to oxidize VLCFA because they lack a specific VLCFA coenzyme A synthetase, the first enzyme in the beta-oxidation pathway. VLCFA accumulate in the tissues of patients with inherited abnormalities in peroxisomal assembly, and also in individuals with defects in enzymes catalyzing individual reactions along the beta-oxidation pathway. It is believed that the accumulation of VLCFA in patient tissues contributes to the severe pathological changes which are a feature of these conditions. However, little is known of the role of VLCFA in normal cellular processes, and of the molecular basis for their contribution to the disease process. The present review provides an outline of the current knowledge of VLCFA including their biosynthesis, degradation, possible function and involvement in human disease.
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Fatty acids synthesized in the chloroplast are transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum for fatty acid elongation.
“Subsequently, the fatty acids synthesized in the chloroplast are transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum for fatty acid elongation (Poulos, 1995).”
From Responses of<i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i>IMET1 to Long-Term Nitrogen Starvation and Recovery (2013) · cites this paper as Poulos, 1995
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Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Elongation in Brain of Normal and Quaking Mice
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Self-citationEffects of topical application of fatty acids
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Patterns of Refsum's disease. Phytanic acid oxidase deficiency.
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Self-citationPolyunsaturated fatty acid changes suggesting a new enzymatic defect in Zellweger Syndrome
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Pathology of hepatic peroxisomes and mitochondria in patients with peroxisomal disorders
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Self-citationPostnatal Development and Isolation of Peroxisomes from Brain
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Fatty Acid Composition of Human Myelin Proteolipid Protein in Peroxisomal Disorders
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids increase neutrophil adherence and integrin receptor expression
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The role of peroxisomes in mammalian cellular metabolism
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Visual evoked potentials in adrenolukodystrophy: A trial with glycerol trioleate and Lorenzo oil
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Self-citationThe meibomian lipids of the rabbit. I. Overall composition
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THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SPHINGOLIPIDS FROM BOVINE CNS AXONS AND MYELIN1
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Activation of protein kinase C by short chain phosphatidylcholines.
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A comparative study of stearic and lignoceric acid oxidation by human skin fibroblasts
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Self-citationThe neutrophil respiratory burst
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Self-citationAbnormalities in Cultured Muscle and Peripheral Nerve of a Patient with Adrenomyeloneuropathy
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Metabolism of arachidonate in rat testis: Characterization of 26–30 carbon polyenoic acids
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Self-citationIn Vitro Activation of Rat Brain Protein Kinase C by Polyenoic Very‐Long‐Chain Fatty Acids
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Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal β‐Oxidation of Stearic and Lignoceric Acids by Rat Brain
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Self-citationSynthesis of very long chain (up to 36 carbon) tetra, penta and hexaenoic fatty acids in retina
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Role of tears in maintaining corneal integrity.
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Physiological significance of fatty acid elongation system in adrenoleukodystrophy
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Adrenoleukodystrophy brain cholesteryl esters and other neutral lipids
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The presence of hydroxy fatty acids in sphingomyelins of bovine rennet stomach
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Lipid metabolism in Zellweger's syndrome
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Self-citationGrogan, W. M., & Huth, E. G. (1983) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02534702 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Proteolytic digestion patterns of spectrin subunits
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Complementation Analysis of Patients with Intact Peroxisomes and Impaired Peroxisomal β-Oxidation
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Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Peroxisomal Disease
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Identification and expression of mammalian long‐chain PUFA elongation enzymes
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Responses of<i>Nannochloropsis oceanica</i>IMET1 to Long-Term Nitrogen Starvation and Recovery
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- Authors
- Poulos, A.
- Affiliations
- Women's and Children's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Poulos, Alf
- Venue
- Lipids
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1995-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0024-4201 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9307
- OpenAlex
- W2059163200
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Lipids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hospital Research Foundation
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- very long chain fatty acids, fatty acid synthesis, carbon chain elongation, fatty acid beta-oxidation, peroxisomes, peroxisomal disorders, polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain fatty acids, retina, spermatozoa, fatty acid degradation, human disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease, Fatty Acids, Humans, Mammals, Oxidation-Reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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