CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 325Diabetes and associated disordersGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyDiabetes Management and Research

Heterogeneity of type I diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States

Open access
Redondo, M. J., Yu, L., Hawa, M., Mackenzie, T., Pyke, D. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., Leslie, R. D. G.·2001·Diabetologia
DOI 10.1007/s001250051626
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Aims To determine the risk, hazard rate and factors affecting progression to diabetes in monozygotic twins of patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.Methods Prospective analysis was done of two cohorts of non-diabetic monozygotic twins of patients with Type I diabetes from Great Britain (n = 134) and the United States (n = 53).Results The diabetes-free survival analysis was similar between both cohorts (p = 0.6). The combined survival analysis (n = 187, median follow-up = 17.7 years, range = 0.01-57) at 40 years of discordance estimated a 39% probability of diabetes for the initially discordant twin. Survival analysis with left truncation of data estimated that probability to be 50%. For twins who became concordant (n = 47), the median discordance time was 4.2 years (range 0.4 to 39), exceeding 15 years in 23.4%. Twins of probands diagnosed at 24 years of age or younger had a 38% probability of diabetes by 30 years of discordance, compared with 6% for twins of probands diagnosed after 24 years of age (p = 0.004). The twins of probands diagnosed before 15 years of age had the highest diabetes hazard rate in the first discordance year, decreasing thereafter. By survival analysis, diabetes risk was higher in twins who were heterozygous for DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 than in twins with neither DR3-DQ2 nor DR4-DQ8 (p < 0.05).Conclusion/interpretation Monozygotic twins of patients with Type I diabetes from two different countries had similar rates of progression to diabetes. Whereas most twins did not develop diabetes, 25% of the twins who progressed did so after more than 14 years of discordance. An age-related heterogeneity was observed, with higher progression to diabetes for twins of patients diagnosed at a younger age.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s001250051626

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Compared with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, adult-onset disease has a lower frequency of high-risk HLA types, lower concordance rates in twins, more protective genotypes, lower genetic risk scores and lower overall genetic load.

    “Evidence suggests that, compared with childhood-onset T1DM, adult-onset (ages ≥18 years) disease has a lower frequency of high-risk HLA types54, lower concordance rates in twins55, more protective genotypes56, lower genetic risk scores57 and lower overall genetic load (with minor differences in HLA class II gene associations)56.”

    From The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as [55]

    The Discussion reports substantially lower twin concordance when the index twin was diagnosed at age 25 or older than when diagnosed younger (5% versus 27.3%). This supports the cited concordance comparison, but the paper uses a 25-year cutoff, not the citing sentence’s adult-onset definition of age 18 or older. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Monozygotic twins have a type 1 diabetes concordance rate above 60% if followed long enough, whereas dizygotic twins have a concordance rate of 6% to 10%.

    “Monozygotic twins have a concordance rate of > 60% if followed long enough47 whereas dizygotic twins have a concordance rate of 6% to 10%.”

    From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [47]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Redondo, M. J., Yu, L., Hawa, M., Mackenzie, T., Pyke, D. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Leslie, R. D. G.
Affiliations
  • University of Colorado Health (US)
  • St Bartholomew's Hospital (GB)
  • University of Colorado Denver (US)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetologia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2001-03-09
Volume
44
Issue
3
Pages
354-362
ISSN
  • 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0428
DOI
10.1007/s001250051626
OpenAlex
W1985484102
Cited by
322
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
FWCI
8.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32083-16)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
type 1 diabetes, monozygotic twins, discordant twins, disease progression, diabetes risk, age at diagnosis, HLA-DR3-DQ2, HLA-DR4-DQ8, HLA heterozygosity, twin concordance
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diseases in Twins, Female, United Kingdom, Histocompatibility Testing, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Genetic, Time Factors, Twins, Monozygotic, United States, Proportional Hazards Models, Age of Onset, Disease-Free Survival, Microsatellite Repeats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review