Cited by 293Personality Traits and PsychologyMental Health Research TopicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Neuroticism: a non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology

Ormel, Johan, Rosmalen, Judith, Farmer, Ann·2004·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-004-0873-y

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Abstract

Background Neuroticism measures are very popular in psychopathological research, but it is unclear how useful neuroticism is in studies of the aetiology of psychopathology.Method A conceptual examination was made of the literature on the association of neuroticism and psychopathology, the ontological status of neuroticism, the purport of neuroticism questionnaires, and causal issues.Results The research on which neuroticism is built has historically been based solely on the factor analyses of the common adjectives used to describe usual behaviours. An abundance of studies have shown that neuroticism scores predict life stress, psychological distress, emotional disorders, psychotic symptoms, substance abuse, physical tension-related symptoms, medically unexplained physical symptoms, and health care utilisation. This evidence suggests that neuroticism scales index vulnerability to many forms of negative affect and psychiatric disorder. However, the associations do not clarify the nature of this vulnerability nor the underlying psychobiological mechanisms. We present evidence that neuroticism scores reflect a person's characteristic (or mean) level of distress over a protracted period of time. In this perspective, even prospective associations of neuroticism with mental health outcomes are basically futile, and largely tautological since scores on any characteristic with substantial within-subject stability will predict, by definition, that characteristic and related variables at later points in time.Conclusion Neuroticism is not an explanatory concept in the aetiology of psychopathology, since it measures a person's characteristic level of distress over a protracted period of time. This situation will not change until knowledge becomes available about: (i) the mechanisms that produce high neuroticism scores (and, therefore, also psychopathology) and (ii) its neurobiological substrate. Only then will we understand why neuroticism appears to "predict" the outcomes it predicts.

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Authors: Ormel, J., Rosmalen, J., & Farmer, A.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Ormel, Johan
ORCID: Ormel, Johan
Rosmalen, Judith
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 39
Issue: 11
Pages: 906-912
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-004-0873-y
OpenAlex: W2025431651
Cited by: 292
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 10.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: neuroticism, psychopathology, psychological distress, negative affect, psychobiological mechanisms
MeSH terms: Humans, Mental Health Services, Neurotic Disorders, Physical Fitness, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors

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Neuroticism: a non-informative marker of vulnerability to psychopathology

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