Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey
Abstract
Purpose To identify variables associated with common mental disorders in an Australian university population.Methods We invited all Australia-based students from a large public university (N = 24,209) to participate in a web-based student mental health survey. Outcome measures included the patient health questionnaire depression, anxiety, and eating disorders modules, and the alcohol use disorders identification test. Explanatory variables of interest included gender, age, year of study, degree type, financial means, parental education, domestic/international status, and sexual orientation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate independent associations with the four outcomes.Results Complete responses were received from 6,044 students (25 %). Proportions reporting depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and harmful drinking were 8, 13, 14, and 8 %, respectively, while 30 % had at least one of these disorders. The groups with the highest rates of disorder were women, 25-34-year-olds, students on low income, and homosexual or bisexual students. Parental education was not associated with disorder, nor was international/domestic status.Conclusion This is the first study examining mental disorders in a population-based sample of university students in Australia. Given increasing student numbers and participation of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, policy is urgently needed to promote better mental health in this population, to routinely identify vulnerable students, and to intervene early. Groups in particular need are women, students on low incomes, and homosexual or bisexual students.
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There is a large unmet need for mental health care among both high school and college students.
“As a result, there is a large unmet need for mental health care among both high school and college students [38,54,55].”
From Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up (2015) · cites this paper as [55]
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The Influence of Perfectionism, Self-Esteem and Resilience on Young People’s Mental Health
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Prevalence of depression and its correlates among undergraduates in Sri Lanka
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“Unlike the many studies showing a higher prevalence of depression among females (Ibrahim et al., 2013; Said et al., 2013; Steptoe et al., 2007; Young et al., 2010) the present study supported the absence of such a difference (Eisenberg et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHeriseanu, A. I., Hay, P., & Touyz, S. W. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104396 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Simić-Vukomanović, I., Mihajlović, G., Kocic, S. S., Djonović, N., Banković, D., Vukomanović, V., & Djukić, A. (2015) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp141106143s · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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“…of US students (n = 729) and Ibrahim, Kelly, and Glazebrook (2013) reported that 58% of students scored above the threshold for depression in a UK study (n = 923), while Said, Kypri, and Bowman (2013) reported the prevalence of depression at 8% and anxiety at 13% in Australian students (n = 6,044).”
BackgroundSkead, N., Rogers, S., & Doraisamy, J. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.06.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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“There is a growing concern students are experiencing high levels of stress which could lead to physiological and psychological ill-health.(2,3) A”
Interventions in Chinese Undergraduate Students’ Mental Health: Systematic Review
Shan, Y., Ji, M., Xie, W., Li, R., Qian, X., Zhang, X., & Hao, T. (2022) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/38249 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Undergraduate students in increasing numbers in China have also been reported to suffer from different mental problems [2], including depression, compulsion, anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity [3-6].”
BackgroundBøe, T., Hysing, M., Lønning, K. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2020) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200196 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reducing the Mental Health–Related Stigma of Social Work Students
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Depressive Symptoms among Haramaya University Students in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“This finding has been also demonstrated by previous studies [25].”
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“…6,044 students in a single Australian university found that 30% of the participants experienced at least one psychological disorder (including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, or alcohol abuse), with female students reporting the highest rates of the depression and anxiety (Said et al. 2013).”
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“En Australia, el 30% de ellos presenta criterios clínicos de depresión, ansiedad, trastornos alimentarios y consumo de alcohol (Said, Kypri y Bowman, 2013).”
BackgroundTran-Chi, V.-L., Ly, T.-T., Luu-Thi, H.-T., Huynh, V.-S., & Nguyen-Thi, M.-T. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s345244 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“oping certain mental health disorders that have been reported to be particularly high.(10,11) Recent reports found”
Choi, I., Mestroni, G., Hunt, C. J., & Glozier, N. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35659 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“International students in Australia have similar levels of psychological distress as domestic students [3-5], yet they are significantly less likely to access mental health services [6-8].”
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A cross sectional evaluation of an alcohol intervention targeting young university students
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Living in quiet desperation: The mental health epidemic in Australia’s higher education
Usher, W. T. (2019) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896919867438 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“2%) with serious mental health problems on campus and an increase in the number of students seeking counselling (Said et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAnxiety predictors among college students in Kosovo
Kamberi, M., Hoxha, F., Shala, M., Shahini, M., & Vehapi, S. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1479277 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mental health, gender, and higher education attainment
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“K just to new learning environments, and pursue demanding long-term academic goals (e.g., Said et al. 2013).”
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“In university students, anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems [43,44].”
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“…policies endorsing equity of access to higher education, and the putative role of diversification in the growth of student mental health issues (Said et al ., 2013; Hill et al ., 2020), it is important to document mental health across cohorts, so that service provision can accurately address…”
A cross-sectional analysis of psychological distress among higher education students in Ireland
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“Also using the PHQ, Said et al .”
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“Evidence also suggests that first-year undergraduates are more prone than final-year graduate or postgraduate students to suffer from some forms of depression [33].”
BackgroundChinese international students’ conceptualizations of wellbeing: A prototype analysis
Huang, L., Kern, M. L., & Oades, L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939576 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Young adulthood at the tertiary education level is a critical period of transition that often brings dramatic changes, including risk of mental illness (Cvetkovski et al., 2012; McAuliffe et al., 2012; Said et al., 2013; Furber et al., 2015), with increased risk for international students (ForbesMewett and Sawyer, 201…”
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Comparing the mental health and wellbeing of domestic and international tertiary students
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“…can play a significant role in their mental health outcomes: studies in Australia and the UK showed that university students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those with financial difficulties were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and stress (Mori, 2000; Said et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEngineering professor perceptions of undergraduate engineering student stress
Sanders, J., Johnson, E., Mirabelli, J. F., Kunze, A., Vohra, S., & Jensen, K. (2024) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2024.2373754 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…2023; Kim and Kim 2023; Wulandari et al. 2023), Europe (e.g. Dodd et al. 2021; March-Amengual et al. 2022; Rückert 2015), South America (e.g. Flores et al. 2021; Flores et al. 2021; Savio, Galantini, and Pachas 2022), and Australia (e.g. Browne, Munro, and Cass 2017; Said, Kypri, and Bowman 2013).”
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“University students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have poorer mental health than students from higher socio-economic status backgrounds (14, 15, 106–109).”
BackgroundCross-Sectional Analysis of University Students’ Health Using a Digitised Health Survey
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“Causes for distress can include academic and financial pressure associated with an increased workload, pressure to perform, student loans, leaving home, and the establishment of new social networks [7].”
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Where might pedagogic research focus to support students’ education in a REF-TEF world
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“Based on existing research, we expected to find that higher social class was significantly correlated with mental and physical health (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 2007; Rubin et al., 2016; Said et al., 2013) and sleep (e.”
Method
- Authors
- Said, D., Kypri, K., & Bowman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kypri, Kypros
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2012-09-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 935-944
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W2059835495
- Semantic Scholar
- 94d7a98e2b164875870f5a069b0afa4bfb1e6a47
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- student mental health, university students, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, hazardous drinking, risk factors, low socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender differences, international students, parental education, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Australia, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Universities, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Logistic Models, Internet
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