The relation of depression and anxiety to life-stress and achievement in students
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: An apparent increase in seriously disturbed students consulting student health services in the UK has led to concern that increasing financial difficulties and other outside pressures may affect student mental health and academic performance. The current research investigated whether student anxiety and depression increases after college entry, the extent to which adverse life experiences contribute to any increases, and the impact of adversity, anxiety and depression on exam performance. METHOD: 351 UK-domiciled undergraduates completed questionnaires one month before university entry and mid-course. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) was administered at both time points and a modified List of Threatening Experiences (Brugha, Bebbington, Tennant, & Hurry, 1985) was administered mid-course. RESULTS: By mid-course 9% of previously symptom-free students became depressed and 20% became anxious at a clinically significant level. Of those previously anxious or depressed 36% had recovered. After adjusting for pre-entry symptoms, financial difficulties made a significant independent contribution to depression and relationship difficulties independently predicted anxiety. Depression and financial difficulties mid-course predicted a decrease in exam performance from first to second year. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to confirm empirically that financial and other difficulties can increase British students' levels of anxiety and depression and that financial difficulties and depression can affect academic performance. However, university life may also have a beneficial effect for some students with pre-existing conditions. With widening participation in higher education, the results have important implications for educational and health policies.
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Associations between suicidal ideation, depression and lower grades have been found continuously among students.
“Moreover, though largely based on cross-sectional studies, associations between suicidal ideation, depression and lower grades have been found continuously among students (Andrews and Wilding, 2004; De Luca et al., 2016).”
From The effect of e-mental health interventions on academic performance in university and college students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Andrews and Wilding, 2004
Financial pressure is a significant negative linear predictor of psychological health.
“Previous studies showed that financial pressure was a significant negative linear predictor of psychological health [26,27]”
From Changes in Undergraduate Students’ Psychological Well-Being as They Experience University Life (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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Student anxiety and depression: Comparison of questionnaire and interview assessments
Andrews, B., Hejdenberg, J., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience at University: the development and testing of a new measure
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“Moreover, though largely based on cross-sectional studies, associations between suicidal ideation, depression and lower grades have been found continuously among students (Andrews and Wilding, 2004; De Luca et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSanci, L. A., Williams, I., Russell, M. A., Chondros, P., Duncan, A.-M., Tarzia, L., Peter, D., Lim, M. S. Y., Tomyn, A. J., & Minas, H. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14690-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Problematic Internet Usage and Immune Function
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Promoting wellbeing at university: the role of resilience for students of the built environment
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The Price of Financial Precarity: Organizational Costs of Employees’ Financial Concerns
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Food insecurity negatively impacts academic performance
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The association between depression, anxiety and substance use among Canadian post-secondary students
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- Authors
- Andrews, B., & Wilding, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Bernice
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 509-521
- ISSN
- 0007-1269 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8295
- OpenAlex
- W2128592988
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 14.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, university students, life events, financial hardship, academic performance, exam performance, relationship problems, student mental health, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, transition to college, recovery from depression
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Students
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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