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Effects of caffeine on performance and mood: withdrawal reversal is the most plausible explanation

James, Jack E., Rogers, Peter J.·2005·Psychopharmacology

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Abstract

Rationale Although it is widely believed that caffeine can enhance human performance and mood, the validity of this belief has been questioned, giving rise to debate. The central question is whether superior performance and mood after caffeine represent net benefits, or whether differences between caffeine and control conditions are due to reversal of adverse withdrawal effects.Objectives To provide a focussed review of relevant experimental studies with the aim of clarifying current understanding regarding the effects of caffeine on human performance and mood.Methods To avoid the shortcomings of standard placebo-controlled studies, which are ambiguous due to failure to control for the confounding influence of withdrawal reversal, three main experimental approaches have been employed: studies that compare consumers and low/non-consumers, pre-treatment and ad lib consumption studies, and long-term withdrawal studies.Results Of the three approaches, only long-term withdrawal studies are capable of unambiguously revealing the net effects of caffeine. Overall, there is little evidence of caffeine having beneficial effects on performance or mood under conditions of long-term caffeine use vs abstinence. Although modest acute effects may occur following initial use, tolerance to these effects appears to develop in the context of habitual use of the drug.Conclusions Appropriately controlled studies show that the effects of caffeine on performance and mood, widely perceived to be net beneficial psychostimulant effects, are almost wholly attributable to reversal of adverse withdrawal effects associated with short periods of abstinence from the drug.

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Self-citation

Authors: James, J. E., & Rogers, P. J.
Affiliations: Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: James, Jack E.
ORCID: James, Jack E.
Rogers, Peter J.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-07-02
Volume: 182
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-8
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0084-6
OpenAlex: W2106760663
Cited by: 231
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: caffeine, caffeine withdrawal, cognitive performance, mood, psychostimulants, tolerance (pharmacology and immunology), caffeine abstinence, placebo-controlled study
MeSH terms: Affect, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Arousal, Attention, Caffeine, Drug Tolerance, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

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Effects of caffeine on performance and mood: withdrawal reversal is the most plausible explanation

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