Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Despite 100 years of psychopharmacological research, the extent to which caffeine consumption benefits human functioning remains unclear.Objectives To measure the effects of overnight caffeine abstinence and caffeine administration as a function of level of habitual caffeine consumption.Methods Medium-high (n = 212) and non-low (n = 157) caffeine consumers completed self-report measures and computer-based tasks before (starting at 10:30 AM) and after double-blind treatment with either caffeine (100 mg, then 150 mg) or placebo. The first treatment was given at 11:15 AM and the second at 12:45 PM, with post-treatment measures repeated twice between 1:45 PM and 3:30 PM.Results Caffeine withdrawal was associated with some detrimental effects at 10:30 AM, and more severe effects, including greater sleepiness, lower mental alertness, and poorer performance on simple reaction time, choice reaction time and recognition memory tasks, later in the afternoon. Caffeine improved these measures in medium-high consumers but, apart from decreasing sleepiness, had little effect on them in non-low consumers. The failure of caffeine to increase mental alertness and improve mental performance in non-low consumers was related to a substantial caffeine-induced increase in anxiety/jitteriness that offset the benefit of decreased sleepiness. Caffeine enhanced physical performance (faster tapping speed and faster simple and choice reaction times) in both medium-high and non-low consumers.Conclusions While caffeine benefits motor performance and tolerance develops to its tendency to increase anxiety/jitteriness, tolerance to its effects on sleepiness means that frequent consumption fails to enhance mental alertness and mental performance.
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The impact of caffeine on performance appears to be greater under conditions that would negatively impact performance, such as acute caffeine withdrawal or sleep deprivation.
“The impact of caffeine appears to be greater under conditions that would negatively impact performance, such as acute caffeine withdrawal (74–76) or sleep deprivation (71, 77).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Rogers, P. J., Heatherley, S. V., Mullings, E. L., & Smith, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, Peter J.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2012-10-30
- Volume
- 226
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-240
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2049335959
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/B/01855)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- caffeine, caffeine withdrawal, habitual caffeine consumption, alertness, cognitive performance, sleepiness, reaction time, recognition memory, anxiety, jitteriness, motor performance, caffeine tolerance, placebo
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Anxiety, Caffeine, Cognition, Computers, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
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