Cited by 199Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals

Open access

Ersche, K. D., Fletcher, P. C., Lewis, S. J. G., Clark, L., Stocks-Gee, G., London, M., Deakin, J. B., Robbins, T. W., Sahakian, B. J.·2005·Psychopharmacology

DOI 10.1007/s00213-005-2205-7PMC PMC3664787

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Rationale There is converging evidence for impairments in decision-making in chronic substance users. In the light of findings that substance abuse is associated with disruptions of the functioning of the striato-thalamo-orbitofrontal circuits, it has been suggested that decision-making impairments are linked to frontal lobe dysfunction. We sought to investigate this possibility using functional neuroimaging.Methods Decision-making was investigated using the Cambridge Risk Task during H2(15)O PET scans. A specific feature of the Risk Task is the decisional conflict between an unlikely high reward option and a likely low reward option. Four groups, each consisting of 15 participants, were compared: chronic amphetamine users, chronic opiate users, ex-drug users who had been long-term amphetamine/opiate users but are abstinent from all drugs of abuse for at least 1 year and healthy matched controls without a drug-taking history.Results During decision-making, control participants showed relatively greater activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas participants engaged in current or previous drug use showed relatively greater activation in the left orbitofrontal cortex.Conclusion Our results indicate a disturbance in the mediation by the prefrontal cortex of a risky decision-making task associated with amphetamine and opiate abuse. Moreover, this disturbance was observed in a group of former drug users who had been abstinent for at least 1 year.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00213-005-2205-7

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Untitled work
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Statistical Methods for Psychology.
Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277
An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets
Maldjian, J. A., Laurienti, P. J., Kraft, R., & Burdette, J. H. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00169-1 · Cited by 5,066
Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate
Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., & Nichols, T. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1037 · Cited by 4,923
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 · Cited by 3,589
Storage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5408.1657 · Cited by 2,834
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Sciacca, F., Sharma, R., & Knipe, H. (2020) · Radiopaedia.org · doi:10.53347/rid-80880 · Cited by 2,395
Descartes’ Error. Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York (Grosset/Putnam) 1994.
Damasio, A. R. (1994) · Cited by 2,266
Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162
Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli
Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005483 · Cited by 1,545
Incentive-sensitization and addiction
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x · Cited by 1,435
Frontal lobes and human memory: Insights from functional neuroimaging
Fletcher, P. C. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.5.849 · Cited by 1,386
Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers
Bechara, A., Dolan, S. L., Denburg, N. L., Hindes, A. R., Anderson, S. W., & Nathan, P. E. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00136-6 · Cited by 1,168
Dissociable Deficits in the Decision-Making Cognition of Chronic Amphetamine Abusers, Opiate Abusers, Patients with Focal Damage to Prefrontal Cortex, and Tryptophan-Depleted Normal Volunteers Evidence for Monoaminergic Mechanisms
Rogers, R. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00091-8 · Cited by 1,101
Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory
D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K., & Lease, J. (1998) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00004-4 · Cited by 1,016
Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation.
Raichle, M. E., Martin, W. R. W., Herscovitch, P., Mintun, M. A., & Markham, J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 1,015
Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G., Hitzemann, R., Logan, J., Schlyer, D. J., Dewey, S. L., & Wolf, A. P. (1993) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890140210 · Cited by 924
Low Level of Brain Dopamine D2 Receptors in Methamphetamine Abusers: Association With Metabolism in the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y.-S., Sedler, M., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Gatley, J., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2015 · Cited by 916
Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies
Elliott, R. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.308 · Cited by 887
Choosing between Small, Likely Rewards and Large, Unlikely Rewards Activates Inferior and Orbital Prefrontal Cortex
Rogers, R. D., Owen, A. M., Middleton, H. C., Williams, E., Pickard, J. D., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-20-09029.1999 · Cited by 882
Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation
Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119 · Cited by 863
Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain
Spence, S. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6988.1213 · Cited by 741
Alterations in the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine
Robinson, T. E., & Kolb, B. E. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00576.x · Cited by 726
Persistent structural modifications in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons produced by previous experience with amphetamine
Robinson, T. E., & Kolb, B. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-21-08491.1997 · Cited by 704
Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity
Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004 · Cited by 657
Different Underlying Impairments in Decision-making Following Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans
Fellows, L. K. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh108 · Cited by 646
Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making
Grant, S. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00158-x · Cited by 625
Decreases in dopamine receptors but not in dopamine transporters in alcoholics
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Hitzemann, R., Ding, Y., Pappas, N., Shea, C., & Piscani, K. (1996) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05936.x · Cited by 612
Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611
Drug addiction: bad habits add up
Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19208 · Cited by 599
Decision-making and addiction (part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward?
Bechara, A., Dolan, S., & Hindes, A. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00016-7 · Cited by 580
Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers performing a decision-making task
Bolla, K. I., Eldreth, D. A., London, E. D., Kiehl, K. A., Mouratidis, M., Contoreggi, C. S., Matochik, J. A., Kurian, V., Cadet, J. L., Kimes, A. S., et al. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00113-7 · Cited by 578
Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neural basis of human decision making
Krawczyk, D. C. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00021-0 · Cited by 553
Decision-making in a Risk-taking Task A PET Study
Monique Ernst, D. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00414-6 · Cited by 451
Profiles of Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Amphetamine and Heroin Abusers
Ornstein, T. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00097-x · Cited by 445
The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex: Decision-making and reversal learning
Clark, L., Cools, R., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00284-7 · Cited by 439
Reinforcing Effects of Psychostimulants in Humans Are Associated with Increases in Brain Dopamine and Occupancy of D2Receptors
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Wong, C., Hitzemann, R., & Pappas, N. R. (1999) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)35115-8 · Cited by 422
Distinct portions of anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated by reward processing in separable phases of decision-making cognition
Rogers, R. D., Ramnani, N., Mackay, C. E., Wilson, J. L., Jezzard, P., Carter, C. S., & Smith, S. M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.012 · Cited by 414
Prediction of Reinforcing Responses to Psychostimulants in Humans by Brain Dopamine D2 Receptor Levels
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A., Hitzemann, R., Ding, Y.-S., & Pappas, N. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1440 · Cited by 406
Association of methylphenidate-induced craving with changes in right striato-orbitofrontal metabolism in cocaine abusers: implications in addiction
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Hitzemann, R., Angrist, B., Gatley, S. J., Logan, J., Ding, Y.-S., & Pappas, N. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.19 · Cited by 405
Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic drug misuse
Rogers, R. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00204-x · Cited by 343
Hepatitis C Virus Seroconversion among Young Injection Drug Users: Relationships and Risks
Hahn, J. A., Page, K. A., Lum, P. J., Bourgois, P. I., Stein, E. S., Evans, J. L., Busch, M. P., Tobler, L. H., Phelps, B. H., & Moss, A. R. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/345554 · Cited by 326
Frontal cortical tissue composition in abstinent cocaine abusers: a magnetic resonance imaging study
Matochik, J. A., London, E. D., Eldreth, D. A., Cadet, J.-L., & Bolla, K. I. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00244-1 · Cited by 288
Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal
Wang, G. (1997) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(96)00184-4 · Cited by 285
Behavioral and Functional Neuroimaging Evidence for Prefrontal Dysfunction in Methamphetamine-Dependent Subjects
Paulus, M. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00334-7 · Cited by 283
Chronic morphine induces visible changes in the morphology of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
Sklair‐Tavron, L., Shi, W. X., Lane, S. B., Harris, H. W., Bunney, B. S., & Nestler, E. J. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11202 · Cited by 279
Decision-making in mania: a PET study
Rubinsztein, J. S. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.12.2550 · Cited by 242
Partial Recovery of Brain Metabolism in Methamphetamine Abusers After Protracted Abstinence
Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., Chang, L. L., Miller, E. N., Sedler, M. J., HITZEMANN, R. J., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., & Fowler, J. S. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.242 · Cited by 241
Prefrontal‐subcortical dissociations underlying inhibitory control revealed by event‐related fMRI
Kelly, C. A. M., Hester, R., Murphy, K., Javitt, D. C., Foxe, J. J., & Garavan, H. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03429.x · Cited by 227
The relevance of behavioural measures for functional-imaging studies of cognition
Wilkinson, D. T., & Halligan, P. W. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1302 · Cited by 222
Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation
Paulus, M. P., Hozack, N., Frank, L. R., Brown, G. G., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01442-7 · Cited by 213
Frontal activations associated with accessing and evaluating information in working memory: an fMRI study
Zhang, J. X., Leung, H.-C., & Johnson, M. K. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.016 · Cited by 167
Addiction changes orbitofrontal gyrus function: involvement in response inhibition
Goldstein, R. Z., Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., & Rajaram, S. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00060 · Cited by 160
Neurobiology of addiction and implications for treatment
Lingford-Hughes, A. R., & Nutt, D. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.2.97 · Cited by 112
From neurobiology to treatment: progress against addiction
Nestler, E. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn945 · Cited by 111
Illicit drugs and driving: prevalence, beliefs and accident involvement among a cohort of current out-of-treatment drug users
Albery, I. P., Strang, J., Gossop, M., & Griffiths, P. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00101-5 · Cited by 99
Decision-making deficits in drug addiction
Clark, L., & Robbins, T. W. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01960-5 · Cited by 99
Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions
Darke, S. G., Kelly, E. V., & Ross, J. E. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00604.x · Cited by 61
Drivers Who Use Illicit Drugs: behaviour and perceived risks
Aitken, C. K., Kerger, M., & Crofts, N. (2000) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/dep.7.1.39.50 · Cited by 55
Alcohol and other drug use in occupational fatalities.
Alleyne, B. C., Stuart, P. J., & Copes, R. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 45
Risk of Job-Related Injury Among Construction Laborers With a Diagnosis of Substance Abuse
Pollack, E. S., Franklin, G. M., Fulton‐Kehoe, D., & Chowdhury, R. (1998) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199806000-00011 · Cited by 35
The orbitofrontal cortex in methamphetamine addiction: involvement in fear
Goldstein, R. Z., Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Depue, R. A., & Gur, R. C. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200212030-00017 · Cited by 29
Passive avoidance learning in extraverted females
Segarra, P. A. I., Moltó, J., & Torrúbia, R. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00190-7 · Cited by 20
Literature Review on the Relation between Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents
Gemmell, C., Moran, R., Crowley, J., & Courtney, R. (1999) · Cited by 18
Functional neuroimaging of psychiatric disorders: exploring hidden behaviour
Fletcher, P. C. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002430 · Cited by 11
Untitled work
Friedman (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1
Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
British Medical Association (1995) Alcohol: guidelines on sensible drinking. BMA, London
Nelson HE (1982) National adult reading test manual. NFER-Nelson, Windsor, UK

Sorted by citations

Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction
Sinha, R. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1441.030 · Cited by 1,904
Drug addiction: updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457 · Cited by 1,225
Self-citation
Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction
Everitt, B. J., Belin, D., Economidou, D., Pelloux, Y., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0089 · Cited by 974
From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: devolving views of their roles in drug addiction
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.010 · Cited by 675
Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction
Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018 · Cited by 679
“Consistent with the data described above is the fact that numerous neuroimaging studies have found abnormal OFC function associated with substance abuse (Boettiger et al., 2007; Dom et al., 2005; Ersche et al., 2005; London et al., 2000; Volkow and Fowler, 2000).”
Background

See all 199

Authors: Ersche, K. D., Fletcher, P. C., Lewis, S. J. G., Clark, L., Stocks-Gee, G., London, M., Deakin, J. B., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Brookfields Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Sahakian, B. J.
ORCID: Ersche, K. D.
Fletcher, P. C.
Lewis, S. J. G.
Clark, L.
Deakin, J. B.
Robbins, T. W.
Sahakian, B. J.
Venue: Psychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-03-15
Volume: 180
Issue: 4
Pages: 612-623
ISSN: 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
1432-2072
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2205-7
PMC: PMC3664787
OpenAlex: W2059944696
Cited by: 199
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 6.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (019407, 064351)
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: decision-making, amphetamine dependence, opioid use disorder, former drug users, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, risky decision making, frontal lobe dysfunction, drug abstinence
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Time Factors, Prefrontal Cortex, Age of Onset, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Positron-Emission Tomography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks