Prediction of Reinforcing Responses to Psychostimulants in Humans by Brain Dopamine D2 Receptor Levels
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed whether brain dopamine D2 receptor levels, which show significant intersubject variability, predict reinforcing responses to psychostimulants in humans. METHOD: [11C]Raclopride and positron emission tomography were used to measure D2 receptor levels in 23 healthy men (mean age = 34 years, SD = 7) who had no drug abuse histories in order to assess if there were differences between the subjects who liked and those who disliked the effects of intravenous methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg). RESULTS: Subjects who liked the effects of methylphenidate had significantly lower D2 receptor levels (mean = 2.72 Bmax/Kd, SD = 0.3) than subjects who disliked its effects (mean = 3.16, SD = 0.3). Moreover, the higher the D2 levels found, the more intense were methylphenidate's unpleasant effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide preliminary evidence that D2 receptor levels predict response to psychostimulants in humans and that low D2 receptors may contribute to psychostimulant abuse by favoring pleasant response.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Imaging studies of non-addicted individuals show low striatal D2 receptor availability is predictive of a pleasurable response to intravenous stimulant administration, while high binding is associated with an aversive experience.
“Imaging studies of non-addicted individuals show that low striatal D2 receptor availability is predictive of a pleasurable response to intravenous stimulant administration, while high binding was associated with an aversive experience (Volkow et al., 1999; Volkow et al., 2002a).”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 1999
Cites
Cocaine Receptors on Dopamine Transporters Are Related to Self-Administration of Cocaine
Ritz, M. C., Lamb, R. J., Goldberg, S. R., & Kuhar, M. J. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2820058 · Cited by 2,180 · see citing works
Logan, J., Fowler, J. S., Volkow, N. D., Wolf, A. P., Dewey, S. L., Schlyer, D. J., MacGregor, R. R., HITZEMANN, R. J., Bendriem, B., Gatley, S. J., et al. (1990) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1990.127 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Self-citationDecreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Hitzemann, R., Chen, A. D., Dewey, S. L., & Pappas, N. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386830a0 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Self-citationde Wit, H., & Wise, R. A. (1977) · Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0081662 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Blum, K. (2017) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781483365817.n1156 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors
Maldonado, R. J., Saiardi, A., Valverde, O., Samad, T. A., Roques, B. P., & Borrelli, E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41567 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Novel dopamine receptors half a decade later
Sokoloff, P., & Schwartz, J.-C. (1995) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)89044-6 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Alcohol preference and sensitivity are markedly reduced in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors
Phillips, T. J., Brown, K. J., Burkhart‐Kasch, S., Wenger, C. D., Kelly, M. A., Rubinstein, M., Grandy, D. K., & Low, M. J. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/2843 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Utility of subjective‐effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans
Fischman, M. W., & Foltin, R. W. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01749.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Haloperidol antagonism of cue-elicited cocaine craving
Berger, S. P., Reid, M. S., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. M., Hall, S. E., Berger, S. P., Mickalian, J. D., Reid, M. S., Delucchi, K., Hall, S. M., et al. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91139-3 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Effects of intravenous cocaine are partially attenuated by haloperidol
Sherer, M. A., Kumor, K. M., & Jaffe, J. H. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90127-3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Variability in subjective responses to cocaine: initial experiences of college students
Davidson, E. S., Finch, J. F., & Schenk, S. (1993) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(93)90062-e · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Endres, C. J., & Carson, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199811000-00006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., HITZEMANN, R. J., Wong, C., ANGRIST, B. M., Burr, G., Pascani, K., Pappas, N. R., Lu, A., Cooper, T. B., et al. (2009) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000259147 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationReinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate in humans
Chait, L. D. (1994) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199406000-00005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Antagonism of behavioral effects of cocaine by selective dopamine receptor blockers
Spealman, R. D. (1990) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02253732 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Glick, S. D., Raucci, J., Wang, S., Keller, R. W., & Carlson, J. N. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90383-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chausmer, A. L., & Ettenberg, A. (1997) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00388-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Functionally Deficient Drd2 Variant [Ser311Cys] Is Not Linked to Alcoholism and Substance Abuse
Goldman, D. A., Urbanek, M., Guenther, D., et al. (1998) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00176-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Endocrine and behavioral responses to methylphenidate in normal subjects
Joyce, P. R., Donald, R. A., Nicholls, M. G., et al. (1986) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(86)90282-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1642 · Cited by 2,667 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy
Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2006) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.2 · Cited by 2,077 · see citing works
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control
Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., & Swanson, J. M. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001507 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Self-citationImaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Baler, R., & Telang, F. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.022 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Self-citationVolkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y.-S., Sedler, M., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Gatley, J., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2015 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Self-citationThe addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G.-J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18533 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2018 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Self-citationOverlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., & Telang, F. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0107 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration
Morgan, D., Grant, K. A., Gage, H. D., Mach, R. H., Kaplan, J. R., Prioleau, O., Nader, S. H., Buchheimer, N., Ehrenkaufer, R. L., & Nader, M. A. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn798 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Martinez, D., Slifstein, M., Broft, A., Mawlawi, O., Hwang, D.-R., Huang, Y., Cooper, T., Kegeles, L., Zarahn, E., Abi-Dargham, A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000048520.34839.1a · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Volkow, N. (2002) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.2002.4099 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Thanos, P. K., & Fowler, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v23n03_04 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Self-citationPET imaging of dopamine D2 receptors during chronic cocaine self-administration in monkeys
Nader, M. A., Morgan, D., Gage, H. D., Nader, S. H., Calhoun, T. L., Buchheimer, N., Ehrenkaufer, R., & Mach, R. H. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1737 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD
Volkow, N. D., & Swanson, J. M. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationSensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence
Jordan, C. J., & Andersen, S. L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Role of dopamine in drug reinforcement and addiction in humans: results from imaging studies
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G.-J. (2002) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200209000-00008 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Self-citationEndocannabinoid signaling system and brain reward: emphasis on dopamine
GARDNER, E. (2005) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.032 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Bello, E. P., Mateo, Y., Gelman, D. M., Noaín, D., Shin, J. H., Low, M. J., Alvarez, V. A., Lovinger, D. M., & Rubinstein, M. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2862 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior
Cools, R. (2008) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858408317009 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Martinez, D., Broft, A., Foltin, R. W., Slifstein, M., Hwang, D.-R., Huang, Y., Perez, A., Frankel, W. G., Cooper, T., Kleber, H. D., et al. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300420 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction
Cheetham, A., Allen, N. B., Yücel, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.005 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: implications for obesity
Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.6.5.601 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the brain reward system in depression
Naranjo, C. A., Tremblay, L. K., & Busto, U. E. (2001) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00156-7 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Sensitivity to the rewarding effects of food and exercise in the eating disorders
Davis, C., & Woodside, D. B. (2002) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2002.32356 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Caine, S. B., Negus, S. S., Mello, N. K., Patel, S., Bristow, L., Kulagowski, J., Vallone, D., Saiardi, A., & Borrelli, E. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02977.2002 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Dom, G., Sabbe, B., Hulstijn, W., & van Den Brink, W. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.3.209 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Clatworthy, P. L., Lewis, S. J. G., Brichard, L., Hong, Y. T., Izquierdo, D., Clark, L., Cools, R., Aigbirhio, F. I., Baron, J.-C., Fryer, T. D., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3266-08.2009 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Brain SPECT Imaging of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Euthymic Bipolar Disorder Patients
Anand, A., Verhoeff, P., Seneca, N., Zoghbi, S. S., Seibyl, J. P., Charney, D. S., & Innis, R. B. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1108 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Ersche, K. D., Fletcher, P. C., Lewis, S. J. G., Clark, L., Stocks-Gee, G., London, M., Deakin, J. B., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2205-7 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.021 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Clark, L., Stokes, P. R., Wu, K., Michalczuk, R., Benecke, A., Watson, B. J., Egerton, A., Piccini, P., Nutt, D. J., Bowden-Jones, H., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.067 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Boileau, I., Payer, D., Chugani, B., Lobo, D., Behzadi, A., Rusjan, P. M., Houle, S., Wilson, A. A., Warsh, J., Kish, S. J., et al. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12066 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Lubman, D. I., Yücel, M., Kettle, J. W. L., Scaffidi, A., MacKenzie, T., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.522 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity
Trifilieff, P., & Martinez, D. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Sensation-seeking: dopaminergic modulation and risk for psychopathology
Norbury, A., & Husain, M. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.015 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Thanos, P. K., Michaelides, M., Piyis, Y. K., Wang, G., & Volkow, N. D. (2008) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20468 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationStimulant-induced dopamine increases are markedly blunted in active cocaine abusers
Volkow, N. D., Tomasi, D., Wang, G.-J., Logan, J., Alexoff, D. L., Jayne, M., Fowler, J. S., Wong, C., Yin, P., & Du, C. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.58 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationDopamine release in ventral striatum of pathological gamblers losing money
Linnet, J., Peterson, E., Doudet, D. J., Gjedde, A., & Møller, A. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01591.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The HR/LR model: further evidence as an animal model of sensation seeking
Blanchard, M. M., Mendelsohn, D., & Stamp, J. A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.05.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Thanos, P. K., Taintor, N. B., Rivera, S. N., Umegaki, H., Ikari, H., Roth, G., Ingram, D. K., Hitzemann, R., Fowler, J. S., Gatley, S. J., et al. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000125270.30501.08 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Unpredictable saccharin reinforcement enhances locomotor responding to amphetamine
Singer, B. F., Scott-Railton, J., & Vezina, P. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Oswald, L. M., Wand, G. S., Kuwabara, H., Wong, D. F., Zhu, S., & Brasic, J. R. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3407-z · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Zijlstra, F., Booij, J., van den Brink, W., & Franken, I. H. A. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.11.002 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dopamine D2R DNA transfer in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice: effects on ethanol drinking
Thanos, P. K., Rivera, S. N., Weaver, K., Grandy, D. K., Rubinstein, M., Umegaki, H., Wang, G. J., Hitzemann, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2005) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.061 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationHamidovic, A., Dlugos, A., Skol, A., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0017840 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Thanos, P. K., Michaelides, M., Benveniste, H., Wang, G. J., & Volkow, N. D. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.05.020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldberg, L. R., & Gould, T. J. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14060 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Shumay, E., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., Logan, J., Alia-Klein, N., Goldstein, R. Z., Maloney, T., Wong, C., & Volkow, N. D. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.11 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, C., Levitan, R. D., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J., Reid, C., Curtis, C., Patte, K., & Kennedy, J. L. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301348 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Beveridge, T. J. R., Smith, H. R., Nader, M. A., & Porrino, L. J. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.135 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Stokes, P. R., Egerton, A., Watson, B., Reid, A., Lappin, J., Howes, O. D., Nutt, D. J., & Lingford-Hughes, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111414090 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Yacubian, J., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cocaine addiction as a homeostatic reinforcement learning disorder.
Keramati, M., Durand, A., Girardeau, P., Gutkin, B., & Ahmed, S. H. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000046 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Novak, G., Seeman, P., & Foll, B. L. (2010) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2010.513462 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wiers, C. E., Shokri-Kojori, E., Cabrera, E., Cunningham, S., Wong, C., Tomasi, D., Wang, G.-J., & Volkow, N. D. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.056 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationPerez, M. F., Ford, K. A., Goussakov, I., Stutzmann, G. E., & Hu, X. (2011) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20831 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Czoty, P. W., Gage, H. D., & Nader, M. A. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1756-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Strickland, J. C., Gipson, C. D., & Dunn, K. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neurobiology and principles of addiction and tolerance
Turton, S., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.09.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does food addiction distinguish a specific subgroup of overweight/obese overeating women?
Bégin, C., St-Louis, M.-È., Turmel, S., Tousignant, B., Marion, L.-P., Ferland, F., Blanchette-Martin, N., & Gagnon-Girouard, M.-P. (2012) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2012.412a214 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Udo de Haes, J. I., Kortekaas, R., Van Waarde, A., Maguire, R. P., Pruim, J., & den Boer, J. A. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0193-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vaher, K., Anier, K., Jürgenson, M., Harro, J., & Kalda, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120916137 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Wong, C., Ma, Y., Logan, J., Goldstein, R., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.999 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A., Hitzemann, R., Ding, Y.-S., & Pappas, N.
- Affiliations
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1999-09-01
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1440-1443
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2139591064
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-06891, R01DA006891)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- dopamine D2 receptor, psychostimulants, methylphenidate, drug reinforcement, [11C]raclopride, individual differences, drug liking, drug abuse vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Carbon Radioisotopes, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Salicylamides, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Dopamine Antagonists, Substance-Related Disorders, Raclopride
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review