Light-enhanced startle: further pharmacological and behavioral characterization
Abstract
Rationale Previous findings indicate that the acoustic startle response is elevated when rats are tested in bright light. The phenomenon is disrupted by the 5HT1A partial agonist and the D2 receptor antagonist buspirone, a compound that also blocks the effect on startle of conditioned fear, and it was suggested that light-enhanced startle reflects an anxious state produced by bright light. It was also suggested that pre-test handling may be necessary for light-enhanced startle. To characterize this phenomenon further, we evaluate here the sensitivity of light-enhanced startle to the anxiolytic compound chlordiazepoxide, to the noradrenergic beta-receptor antagonist propranolol, and to pre-test handling. Methods Startle was measured for 20 min in the dark (phase I), followed 5 min later by a second test (phase II) either in the dark or the light. Immediately prior to testing, rats received IP injections of chlordiazepoxide (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg; experiment 1), propranolol (10 or 20 mg/kg; experiment 2) or saline. Using the minimally effective doses from the light-enhanced startle experiments, conditioned fear to a shock-paired cue was also evaluated. In a third experiment, rats were (a) removed from the test cages and briefly handled between phases I and II, (b) were not handled during this interval, or (c) were tested without the interposed delay. Results Propranolol (10 and 20 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg) disrupted light-enhanced startle at doses comparable to those…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Light-enhanced startle is reduced selectively by both benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
“Light-enhanced startle was reduced selectively by both benzodiazepine (ie, chlordiazepoxide) and non-benzodiazepine (ie, flesinoxan, buspirone, and propranolol) anxiolytics (de Jongh et al, 2002; Walker and Davis, 1997a, 2002a).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Walker and Davis, 2002a
Chlordiazepoxide reduced light-enhanced startle at a dose that has little effect on startle amplitude in the dark phase.
“chlordiazepoxide reduced light-enhanced startle at a dose that has little effect on startle amplitude in the dark phase (Walker and Davis, 2002a)”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Walker and Davis, 2002a
Cites
Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies
Bremner, J., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. (1996) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199605)23:1 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rethinking the Emotional Brain
LeDoux, J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,594 · see citing works
“…et al., 1990), as well as high-frequency predator warning sounds emitted by conspecifics (e.g., Litvin et al., 2007; Choi and Brown, 2003), high-intensity auditory stimuli (e.g., Bordi and LeDoux, 1992), and bright open spaces (Thompson and LeDoux, 1974; Gray, 1987; Walker and Davis, 2002).”
Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety
Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.109 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
“Lightenhanced startle was reduced selectively by both benzodiazepine (ie, chlordiazepoxide) and non-benzodiazepine (ie, flesinoxan, buspirone, and propranolol) anxiolytics (de Jongh et al, 2002; Walker and Davis, 1997a, 2002a).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRole of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety
Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J., & Davis, M. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01282-2 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor
Ressler, K. J., Mercer, K. B., Bradley, B., Jovanovic, T., Mahan, A., Kerley, K., Norrholm, S. D., Kilaru, V., Smith, A. K., Myers, A. J., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09856 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Lebow, M. A., & Chen, A. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.1 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Models and mechanisms of anxiety: evidence from startle studies
Grillon, C. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1019-1 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines
William Tank, A., & Lee Wong, D. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Walker, D. L., Miles, L. A., & Davis, M. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.022 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems
Lowry, C. A., Johnson, P. L., Hay‐Schmidt, A., Mikkelsen, J. D., & Shekhar, A. (2005) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890500492787 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Behavioral methods to study anxiety in rodents
Lezak, K. R., Missig, G., & Carlezon Jr, W. A. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/wcarlezon · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Anxiety-Related Behaviors in Mice
Crawley, J. N., & Bailey, K. (2008) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/noe1420052343.ch5 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (2008) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-008-0183-3 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationHammack, S. E., Cheung, J., Rhodes, K. M., Schutz, K. C., Falls, W. A., Braas, K. M., & May, V. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.013 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Distinct neural signatures for safety and danger in the amygdala and striatum of the mouse.
Rogan, M. T., Leon, K. S., Pérez, D. L., & Kandel, E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.017 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Grillon, C., Cordova, J., Levine, L. R., & Morgan, C. A. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1444-8 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
LaGraize, S. C., LaBuda, C. J., Rutledge, M. A., Jackson, R. L., & Fuchs, P. N. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.003 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Grillon, C., Baas, J. M. P., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Levine, J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.027 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Validation of a simple, ethologically relevant paradigm for assessing anxiety in mice
Merali, Z., Levac, C., & Anisman, H. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01827-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Pankiw, T., & Page, R. E. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-003-0442-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Adamec, R., Head, D., Blundell, J., Burton, P., & Berton, O. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.005 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The effect of gonadal hormones and gender on anxiety and emotional learning
Toufexis, D. J., Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.020 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationVoluntary exercise in C57 mice is anxiolytic across several measures of anxiety
Salam, J., FOX, J., DETROY, E., GUIGNON, M., Wohl, D. A., & Falls, W. A. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.036 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Hammack, S. E., Roman, C. W., Lezak, K. R., Kocho-Schellenberg, M., Grimmig, B. A., Falls, W. A., Braas, K. M., & May, V. (2010) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-010-9364-7 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Vulnerability to mild predator stress in serotonin transporter knockout mice
Adamec, R. E., Burton, P., BLUNDELL, J., MURPHY, D., & HOLMES, A. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.012 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Systemic Propranolol Acts Centrally to Reduce Conditioned Fear in Rats Without Impairing Extinction
Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Sotres-Bayón, F., Mueller, D. T., & Quirk, G. J. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.009 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
NMDA receptors and fear extinction: implications for cognitive behavioral therapy
Davis, M. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.4/mdavis · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationGulinello, M. E., Orman, R., & Smith, S. S. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02479.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Walker, D., & Davis, M. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1213-0 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationKehne, J. H., & Cain, C. K. (2010) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.011 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Effects of the beta-blocker propranolol on cued and contextual fear conditioning in humans
Grillon, C., Cordova, J., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D. S., & Davis, M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1819-5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationPeripheral and Central Effects of Circulating Catecholamines
William Tank, A., & Lee Wong, D. (2015) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00599.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Fear relief—toward a new conceptual frame work and what endocannabinoids gotta do with it
Riebe, C. J. N., Pamplona, F. A., Kamprath, K., & Wotjak, C. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.057 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Elevated startle during withdrawal from acute morphine: a model of opiate withdrawal and anxiety
Harris, A. C., & Gewirtz, J. C. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1573-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The effects of sex and neonatal maternal separation on fear-potentiated and light-enhanced startle
de Jongh, R., Geyer, M. A., Olivier, B., & Groenink, L. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Animal Models of Anxiety and Anxiolytic Drug Action
Treit, D., Engin, E., & McEown, K. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_17 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Walker, D., Yang, Y., Ratti, E., Corsi, M., Trist, D., & Davis, M. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.210 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationMelzig, C. A., Weike, A. I., Zimmermann, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00560.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Olfactory fear conditioning paradigm in rats: Effects of midazolam, propranolol or scopolamine
Kroon, J. A. V., & Carobrez, A. P. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.10.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Comparison of anxiety-like behavior in adolescent and adult sprague-dawley rats.
Slawecki, C. J. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1477 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pulliam, J. V. K., Dawaghreh, A. M., Alema‐Mensah, E., & Plotsky, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.05.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Translational value of startle modulations
Fendt, M., & Koch, M. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1599-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Clark, M. S., Vincow, E. S., Sexton, T. J., & Neumaier, J. F. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.070 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schweimer, J. V., Fendt, M., & Schnitzler, H. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.044 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pharmacological enhancement of fear reduction: preclinical models
Graham, B. M., Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01175.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tazumi, T., Hori, E., Uwano, T., Umeno, K., Tanebe, K., Tabuchi, E., Ono, T., & Nishijo, H. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.03.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
de Jongh, R., Groenink, L., van der Gugten, J., & Olivier, B. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00468-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Exercise is associated with reduction in the anxiogenic effect of mCPP on acoustic startle.
Fox, J. H., Hammack, S. E., & Falls, W. A. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.4.943 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fear, risk assessment, and playfulness in the juvenile rat.
Siviy, S. M., Harrison, K. A., & McGregor, I. S. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.49 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lezak, K. R., Roelke, E., Harris, O. M., Choi, I., Edwards, S. H. A., Gick, N., Cocchiaro, G. F., Missig, G., Roman, C. W., Braas, K. M., et al. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rothwell, P. E., Thomas, M. J., & Gewirtz, J. C. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.56 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Phasic and Sustained Fear are Pharmacologically Dissociable in Rats
Miles, L., Davis, M., & Walker, D. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.29 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPACAP orchestration of stress-related responses in neural circuits
Boucher, M. N., May, V., Braas, K. M., & Hammack, S. E. (2021) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170554 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
CRF1 and CRF2 Receptors are Required for Potentiated Startle to Contextual but not Discrete Cues
Risbrough, V. B., Geyer, M. A., Hauger, R. L., Coste, S., Stenzel-Poore, M., Wurst, W., & Holsboer, F. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.205 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Spontaneous Nicotine Withdrawal Potentiates the Effects of Stress in Rats
Jonkman, S., Risbrough, V. B., Geyer, M. A., & Markou, A. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301607 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Winslow, J. T., Noble, P. L., & Davis, M. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMejía-Toiber, J., Boutros, N., Markou, A., & Semenova, S. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.019 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Enhancement of the acoustic startle reflex by an alarm pheromone in male rats
Inagaki, H., Kiyokawa, Y., Kikusui, T., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rasmussen, D. D., Crites, N. J., & Burke, B. L. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Grillon, C., Heller, R., Hirschhorn, E., Kling, M. A., Pine, D. S., Schulkin, J. A., & Vythilingam, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.013 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hamm, A. O., Richter, J., & Pané‐Farré, C. A. (2014) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-139011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cabral, A., Ruggiero, R. N., Nobre, M. J., Brandão, M. L., & Castilho, V. M. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Díaz-Mataix, L., Piper, W. T., Schiff, H. C., Roberts, C. H., Campese, V. D., Sears, R. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.044412.116 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yen, Y.-C., Mauch, C. P., Dahlhoff, M., Micale, V., Bunck, M., Sartori, S. B., Singewald, N., Landgraf, R., & Wotjak, C. T. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.04.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Alarm pheromone is detected by the vomeronasal organ in male rats.
Kiyokawa, Y., Kodama, Y., Kubota, T., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2013) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., Magruder, K. P., & Curtin, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.353 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Changes in acoustic startle reflex in rats induced by playback of 22-kHz calls
Inagaki, H., & Ushida, T. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Weber, M., Schmitt, A. G., Wischmeyer, E., & Döring, F. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06400.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The GABAB receptor positive modulator BHF177 attenuated anxiety, but not conditioned fear, in rats
Li, X., Kaczanowska, K., Finn, M. G., Markou, A., & Risbrough, V. B. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Activation of the septohippocampal system differentiates anxiety from fear in startle paradigms
Veening, J. G., Böcker, K. B. E., Verdouw, P. M., Olivier, B., de Jongh, R., & Groenink, L. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.064 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hamm, A. O. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.55023-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ernst, M., Lago, T., Davis, A. A., & Grillon, C. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4390-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A review of the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of early weaning in rodents
Kikusui, T., Nakamura, K., & Mori, Y. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Osuch, E. A., Ursano, R. J., He, L., Webster, M. J., Hough, C., Fullerton, C. S., & Leskin, G. A. (2004) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.67.4.353.56565 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Blystad, M. H., Andersen, D., & Johansen, E. B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223039 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Inagaki, H., Kiyokawa, Y., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.11.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Second-Order Olfactory-Mediated Fear-Potentiated StartlePreprint
Paschall, G. Y., & Davis, M. E. (2002) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.50602 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal Organization of Eating in Low- and High- Saccharin-Consuming Rats
Dess, N. K., Richard, J. M., Severe, S. F., & Chapman, C. D. (2007) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.04.04 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Disrupted startle modulation in animal models for affective disorders
Bijlsma, E. Y., Oosting, R. S., Olivier, B., & Groenink, L. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fear-potentiated startle, but not light-enhanced startle, is enhanced by anxiogenic drugs
Bijlsma, E. Y., de Jongh, R., Olivier, B., & Groenink, L. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Enkel, T., Thomas, M., & Bartsch, D. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.060 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ligands of the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs): A new class of anxiolytics
Alnefeesi, Y., Sukhanov, I., & Gainetdinov, R. R. (2024) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173817 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Muñoz, M. Á., Idrissi, S., Sánchez-Barrera, M. B., Fernández‐Santaella, M. C., & Vila, J. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2334-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fear‐Potentiated Startle and Light‐Enhanced Startle Models in Drug Discovery
Groenink, L., Bijlsma, E. Y., & Olivier, B. (2008) · Current Protocols in Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/0471141755.ph0548s41 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gray, C. L., Krebs‐Kraft, D. L., Solomon, M. B., Norvelle, A., Parent, M. B., & Huhman, K. L. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Runke, D., & McIntyre, D. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.090 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mohr, D., von Ameln-Mayerhofer, A., & Fendt, M. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
High Illumination Levels Potentiate the Acoustic Startle Response in Preweanling Rats.
Weber, M. F., Watts, N. R., & Richardson, R. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1458 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder
Liberzon, I., Khan, S. A., & Young, E. A. (2005) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80057-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sex difference in the facilitation of fear learning by prior fear conditioning
Cole, K. E., & Parsons, R. G. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107835 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hebb, A. L. O., Zacharko, R. M., Bowie, J. P., & Drolet, G. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.4.704 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of Cardiac Medications on Mood
Head, G. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-206-7_65 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Potentiation of the Startle Reflex as a Behavioral Measure of Anxiety
Gewirtz, J. C., & Radke, A. K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3777-6_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Osuch, E. A., Ursano, R. J., Li, H., Webster, M. J., Hough, C., Fullerton, C. S., & Leskin, G. A. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2068916 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uso del propranolol como modulador de la memoria y el aprendizaje en modelos animales
Psyrdellis, M., & Justel, N. R. (2016) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/apl34.3.2016.10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Behavioral and neurobiological consequences of intermittent exposure to addictive drugs.
Rothwell, P. E. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Vrees versus angst, of hoe een morsdode filosoof gelijk krijgt
de Jongh, R. (2004) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/bf03079008
Reimer, A. E. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.59.2012.tde-27112012-140923
Predator cognition and the evolution of deimatic displays
Holmes, G. G. (2019)
Aktar, M. (2020) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Impact of Cardiac Medications on Mood
Head, G. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_65-1
- Authors
- Walker, D. L., & Davis, M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2001-10-17
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 304-310
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2060737262
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59906, MH-57250, R01MH057250, P50MH052384, R01MH059906, P50MH058922, MH58922, MH 47840, MH-52384)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- acoustic startle response, anxiety, chlordiazepoxide, propranolol, anxiolytics, fear-potentiated startle, fear conditioning, rats
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Chlordiazepoxide, Darkness, Handling, Psychological, Lighting, Male, Propranolol, Reflex, Startle, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
