Behavioral methods to study anxiety in rodents
Open accessAbstract
Stress is a precipitating factor for anxiety-related disorders, which are among the leading forms of psychiatric illness and impairment in the modern world. Rodent-based behavioral tests and models are widely used to understand the mechanisms by which stress triggers anxiety-related behaviors and to identify new treatments for anxiety-related disorders. Although substantial progress has been made and many of the key neural circuits and molecular pathways mediating stress responsiveness have been characterized, these advances have thus far failed to translate into fundamentally new treatments that are safer and more efficacious in humans. The purpose of this article is to describe methods that have been historically used for this type of research and to highlight new approaches that align with recent conceptualizations of disease symptomatology and that may ultimately prove to be more fruitful in facilitating the development of improved therapeutics.
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Symptoms of mental illnesses are accompanied by emotional, cognitive, and motivational aspects that are not attributable to the lower mammal species being studied.
“Symptoms of mental illnesses are accompanied by emotional, cognitive, and motivational aspects that are not attributable to the lower mammal species being studied (Lezak et al., 2017).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Lezak et al., 2017
Acoustic startle is a measurable flinch to a delivered white noise whose amplitude can be quantified in units of force and is hypothesized to reflect the state of alertness associated with increased anxiety.
“Acoustic startle is a measurable “flinch” to a delivered white noise, that has an amplitude that can be quantified in units of force, and is hypothesized to reflect the state of alertness associated with increased anxiety (Lezak et al., 2017).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Lezak et al., 2017
Pairing an aversive unconditioned stimulus with a neutral conditioned stimulus can elicit fear responses to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the footshock on re-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
“For example, pairing an aversive unconditioned stimuli, such as a footshock, with a tone/sound, light, or a context/environment (neutral conditioned stimuli) can elicit fear responses to the conditioned stimuli in the absence of the footshock on re-exposure to the conditioned stimulus (Lezak et al., 2017).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Lezak et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Lezak, K. R., Missig, G., & Carlezon Jr, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Venue
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-30
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-191
- ISSN
- 1294-8322 (ISSN-L)
- 1958-5969
- PMC
- PMC5573562
- OpenAlex
- W2984369896
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 10.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh063266-25)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH063266)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- anxiety, stress, anxiety-related disorders, stress responsiveness, translational research, behavioral tests
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety Disorders, Behavior, Animal, Disease Models, Animal, Biomedical Research, Mice, Rats, Translational Research, Biomedical
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