Theta frequency activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is greater in people with resilience versus PTSD
Open accessAbstract
Emotional memory consolidation has been associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and recent evidence suggests that increased electroencephalogram spectral power in the theta (4-8 Hz) frequency range indexes this activity. REM sleep has been implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as in emotional adaption. In this cross-sectional study, thirty young healthy African American adults with trauma exposure were assessed for PTSD status using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Two consecutive night polysomnographic (PSG) recordings were performed and data scored for sleep stages. Quantitative electroencephalographic spectral analysis was used to measure theta frequency components sampled from REM sleep periods of the second-night PSG recordings. Our objective was to compare relative theta power between trauma-exposed participants who were either resilient or had developed PTSD. Results indicated higher right prefrontal theta power during the first and last REM periods in resilient participants compared with participants with PTSD. Right hemisphere prefrontal theta power during REM sleep may serve as a biomarker of the capacity for adaptive emotional memory processing among trauma-exposed individuals.
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REM theta oscillations play a crucial role in emotional re-processing.
“the results on EEG pattern related to the incorporated memories converged to assign a crucial role of REM theta oscillations in emotional re-processing”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Cowdin et al., 2014
The Discussion says adaptive emotional-memory processing during REM sleep may be indexed by right frontal theta activity. Its summary calls theta a possible marker of affective-memory processing and says this needs future evaluation; it does not establish that theta oscillations play a crucial or causal role in emotional re-processing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCompelling evidence indicates that the potential EEG marker of emotional processes is frontal theta activity (5-7 Hz) during REM sleep.
“compelling evidence indicates that the potential EEG marker of emotional processes is the frontal theta activity (5–7 Hz) during REM sleep”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Cowdin et al., 2014
The Discussion says right frontal theta activity during REM sleep may be a marker of affective memory processing, but presents this as a possibility rather than a settled finding. The Methods define the theta band analyzed as 4–8 Hz, not the claimed 5–7 Hz. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrefrontal theta rhythm is related to emotional coping strategy in trauma-exposed subjects who never developed PTSD, as resilient individuals showed higher theta than the clinical sample.
“In addition, the prefrontal theta rhythm seems to be related to emotional coping strategy in trauma-exposed subjects that had never developed PTSD, since that these resilient individuals showed higher theta than clinical sample (Cowdin et al., 2014).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Cowdin et al., 2014
The Abstract and Discussion report higher right prefrontal theta power in resilient trauma-exposed participants than in participants with PTSD, and suggest a link to adaptive emotional memory processing. The finding is specific to REM sleep; the study did not measure an emotional coping strategy, so that interpretation goes beyond its evidence. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFrontal theta activity is a brain mechanism underlying the processing of emotional memories.
“suggests frontal theta activity as a brain mechanism underlying such processing (Nishida et al., 2009; Prehn-Kristensen et al., 2013; Cowdin et al., 2014; Durrant et al., 2015; Seeley et al., 2016; Marquis et al., 2017).”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Cowdin et al., 2014
The Discussion says right frontal theta activity during REM sleep may be a marker of affective memory processing capacities. That supports an association, but the paper does not establish frontal theta activity as an underlying brain mechanism; its finding is also specific to REM sleep. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Also, REM theta is reduced in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is considered by many to be a memory consolidation disorder [60].”
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“, 2014), and suggests frontal theta activity as a brain mechanism underlying such processing (Nishida et al., 2009; PrehnKristensen et al., 2013; Cowdin et al., 2014; Durrant et al., 2015; Seeley et al., 2016; Marquis et al., 2017).”
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“(3) Greater relative REM θ power is interpreted as greater relative contribution of a putative emotion regulatory spectral component to REM sleep [73, 74].”
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“Similar to delta and theta results, resting state beta band findings are incongruent, with two studies showing that early life trauma and PTSD+ status are negatively correlated with beta power (35, 98) but others reporting: 1) no differences between PTSD+ and PTSD− without trauma histories (53); or 2) opposite finding…”
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An attempt to identify reproducible high-density EEG markers of PTSD during sleep
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“In addition, a previous study reported that REM theta power was lower in trauma-exposed participants who had developed PTSD when compared with those who had not [15].”
ResultThe spectral fingerprint of sleep problems in post-traumatic stress disorder
de Boer, M., Nijdam, M. J., Jongedijk, R. A., Bangel, K. A., Olff, M., Hofman, W. F., & Talamini, L. M. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz269 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A few studies have used such analyses in controlled studies of PTSD sleep, albeit only on recordings from central derivations (21-25).”
BackgroundMental Sleep Activity and Disturbing Dreams in the Lifespan
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D’Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193658 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The influence of sleep on fear extinction in trauma-related disorders
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Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing
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Trauma Associated Sleep Disorder: Clinical Developments 5 Years After Discovery
Brock, M. S., Powell, T. A., Creamer, J. L., Moore, B. A., & Mysliwiec, V. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1066-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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REM theta activity predicts re-experiencing symptoms after exposure to a traumatic film
Sopp, M. R., Brueckner, A. H., Schäfer, S. K., Lass‐Hennemann, J., & Michael, T. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.030 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
REM sleep theta changes in frequent nightmare recallers
Marquis, L.-P., Paquette, T., Blanchette-Carrière, C., Dumel, G., & Nielsen, T. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx110 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“seem to have used a more selective sampling procedure that resulted in their cohort leaning more toward the “high distress” type of idiopathic NM recaller.(39) Nevertheless, the reduced psychopathology of our NM recaller sample also increases our confidence that the results are not simply due to differences in trait a…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of childhood adversity and resilience on Taiwanese youth health behaviors
Wang, Y.-C., Moya-Guerola, M., Lin, Y.-C., Hsieh, Y., Strong, C., Tsai, M., & Lin, C. (2018) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.08.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Sleep Power Spectral Density and Spindles in PTSD and Their Relationship to Symptom Severity
Denis, D., Bottary, R. M., Cunningham, T. J., Zeng, S., Daffre, C., Oliver, K. L., Moore, K. N., Gazecki, S., Mendelsohn, A. K., Martinez, U., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.766647 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In addition, trauma exposed individuals who do not go on to develop PTSD have been found to show higher REM theta (4– 7Hz) power compared to patients who did subsequently develop PTSD (15).”
BackgroundInfluence of gut microbiota on resilience and its possible mechanisms
Wang, J., Zhou, T., Liu, F., Huang, Y., Xiao, Z., Qian, Y., & Zhou, W. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.82362 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and its implications for psychiatry
Goerke, M., Müller, N. G., & Cohrs, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1476-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Yet another study observed less right prefrontal theta activity during the first and last REM periods in PTDS patients compared to controls who had experienced a trauma but never developed PTSD (Cowdin et al. 2014).”
Mendoza-Alvarez, M., Balthasar, Y., Verbraecken, J. A., Claes, L., Someren, E. J. W. V., van Marle, H. J. F., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Picker, L. D. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.037 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sleep spindle dynamics suggest over-consolidation in post-traumatic stress disorder
van der Heijden, A. C., Hofman, W. F., de Boer, M., Nijdam, M. J., van Marle, H. J. F., Jongedijk, R. A., Olff, M., & Talamini, L. M. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac139 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In this analysis, the increase in right-frontal sigma power in PTSD patients remained significant (F(1,27) =4.”
Emotional Memory Processing during REM Sleep with Implications for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Rho, Y.-A., Sherfey, J. S., & Vijayan, S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1020-22.2022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sweeten, B. L. W., Sutton, A. M., Wellman, L. L., & Sanford, L. D. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz199 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lee, J., Choi, J., & Kwon, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8010049 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Resilience is typically studied in PTSD patients because this trait plays an important role in preventing the development of the disorder after marked acute or chronic stress [43].”
InfluentialModarres, M. H., Opel, R. A., Weymann, K. B., & Lim, M. M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38102-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Rowe, R. K., & Griesbach, G. S. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hippocampal theta power pressure builds over non-REM sleep and dissipates within REM sleep episodes
Bjorness, Booth, V., & Poe, G. R. (2019) · ARCHIVES ITALIENNES DE BIOLOGIE · doi:10.12871/00039829201833 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Cortical theta power during REM sleep has been shown to be lower in trauma survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than in those resilient to PTSD (Cowdin, Kobayashi, and Mellman, 2014).”
BackgroundWang, P., Sun, X., Li, W., Wang, Z., He, S., Zhai, F., Xin, Y., Pan, L., Wang, G., Jiang, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.746330 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Some studies also suggested that the rapid-eye-movement sleep involved in emotional memory processing may be impaired among subjects who were exposed to trauma (51).”
BackgroundBowers, S. J., Lambert, S., He, S., Lowry, C. A., Fleshner, M., Wright, K. P., Turek, F. W., & Vitaterna, M. H. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa271 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ney, L. J., Hsu, C. M. K., Nicholson, E., Zuj, D. V., Clark, L., Kleim, B., & Felmingham, K. L. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1722127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Davis, C. J., & Vanderheyden, W. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75237-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Insight from the consideration of REM dreams, non-REM dreams, and daydreams.
Blagrove, M., Edwards, C. J., van Rijn, E., Reid, A. M., Malinowski, J., Bennett, P. D., Carr, M., Eichenlaub, J., Rohner, S. L., Evans, K., et al. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000167 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Abnormal rapid eye movement sleep atonia control in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder
Feemster, J. C., Steele, T. A., Palermo, K. P., Ralston, C. L., Tao, Y., Bauer, D. A., Edgar, L. J., Rivera, S., Walters-Smith, M., Gossard, T. R., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab259 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sweeten, B. L. W., Adkins, A. M., Wellman, L. L., & Sanford, L. D. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“REM is associated with emotional processing, and can be reduced and fragmented in the early onset of PTSD (Cowdin et al., 2014; Mellman et al., 2002) which may exacerbate symptoms.”
BackgroundAltered sleep behavior in a genetic mouse model of impaired fear extinction
Fritz, E. M., Kreuzer, M., Altunkaya, A., Singewald, N., & Fenzl, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88475-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of selective REM sleep deprivation on prefrontal gamma activity and executive functions
Corsi‐Cabrera, M., Rosales-Lagarde, A., del Río‐Portilla, Y., Ortega, R. S., & Alcántara-Quintero, B. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Impact of Sleep on Fear Extinction
Bottary, R. M., Straus, L. D., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_431 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Beta spectral power during sleep is associated with impaired recall of extinguished fear
Denis, D., Bottary, R. M., Cunningham, T. J., Drummond, S. P. A., & Straus, L. D. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad209 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Theta (~4–8 Hz) spectral power during REM sleep has been linked to emotional memory processing [16], and has been shown to be elevated in trauma-exposed individuals who were resilient to, compared to those diagnosed with, PTSD [17].”
Dreams and Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Pigeon, W. R., & Mellman, T. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00055-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, J., Ramakrishnan, S., Laxminarayan, S., Neal, M. L., Cashmere, D. J., Germain, A., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12576 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In contrast, in terms of percentage difference, typical group effects between subjects with and without post-traumatic stress disorder ranged from 20 to 35% for features derived from EEG spectral analysis (Cohen et al., 2013; Cowdin et al., 2014; Mellman et al., 2007; Richards et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLaxminarayan, S., Wang, C., Ramakrishnan, S., Oyama, T., Cashmere, J. D., Germain, A., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Hence, identifying objective markers specific to sleep disturbances in PTSD subjects could have important clinical implications, including the possibility of providing a prognostic indicator of resilience to trauma and of developing interventions that allow vulnerable individuals to become resilient [2].”
BackgroundGeneralized sleep decoding with basal ganglia signals in multiple movement disorders
Yin, Z., Yu, H., Yuan, T., Smyth, C. N., Anjum, M. F., Zhu, G., Ma, R., Xu, Y., An, Q., Gan, Y., et al. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01115-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This could be because delta and theta oscillations are the de fi ning features of NREM 35 and REM 36,37 sleep, respectively.”
BackgroundBlasco‐Serra, A., Alfosea-Cuadrado, G. M., Cervera‐Ferri, A., González-Soler, E. M., Lloret, A., Martínez‐Ricós, J., Teruel‐Martí, V., & Valverde‐Navarro, A. A. (2019) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24829 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cabrera, Y., Holloway, J., & Poe, G. R. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8332 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Anxiety, hypervigilance, and negative alterations in cognition/memory are also symptoms of PTSD.”
BackgroundInfluentialPre-sleep affect predicts subsequent REM frontal theta in nonlinear fashion
ten Brink, M., Yan, Y., Zhang, J., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Krause, A. J., Kreibig, S. D., Manber, R., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01051-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, 2009) and REM gamma activity (30 ~ 100 Hz), particularly at frontal electrodes (Cowdin et al., 2014; Sopp et al., 2019; van der Helm et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodIdentification of Veterans With PTSD Based on EEG Features Collected During Sleep
Laxminarayan, S., Wang, C., Oyama, T., Cashmere, J. D., Germain, A., & Jaques Reifman, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.532623 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Use Electroencephalogram Entropy as an Indicator to Detect Stress-Induced Sleep Alteration
Lo, Y., Hsiao, Y., & Chang, F. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12104812 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The consequences of eye tracking on brain and heart coherence
Attar, E. T. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-19212-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Conversely, theta wave was associated with eye movements [41].”
Howell, S., & Griesbach, G. S. (2024) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2023.0093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“49 Results from this female cohort reveal more depression and decreased REM sleep.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Li, D., Widjaja, J., Guo, R., Cai, L., Yan, R., Ozsoy, S., Allocca, G., Fang, J., Dong, Y., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.04.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chmiel, J., Nadobnik, J., Smerdel, S., & Niedzielska, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rountree-Harrison, D., Berkovsky, S., & Kangas, M. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kelly, M. R., Killgore, W. D. S., & Haynes, P. L. (2016) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-016-0056-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
van Trigt, S., van der Zweerde, T., van Someren, E. V., van Straten, A., & van Marle, H. V. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102089 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chmiel, J., & Nadobnik, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124113 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jin, S., Shin, C., Han, C., Kim, Y., Lee, J., Jeon, S. W., Lee, S., & Ko, Y. (2021) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.537 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A quantitative EEG study showed low theta power in developed PTSD group compared to resilient group, but the other study showed increased theta power on central brain regions and beta activity in frontal, central, and occipital regions [17,18].”
ResultChen, X., Li, S. X., Ho, C. S., Chan, J. W. Y., Chan, L.-K., Lee, T. M. C., Wing, Y. K., & Chan, N. Y. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100570 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…current research is devoid of evidence regarding the role of sleep microstructures in maintaining resilience, especially in healthy adolescents who could sustain their health and quality of life despite adversities experiences (Cowdin et al., 2014; van der Heijden et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2020).”
InfluentialLøkhammer, S., Koller, D., Wendt, F. R., Choi, K. W., He, J., Friligkou, E., Overstreet, C. M., Gelernter, J. E., Hellard, S. L., & Polimanti, R. A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115950 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…vulnerability and resilience with effect directions in line with previous research (i.e., positive association with PTSD vulnerability and an inverse relationship with PTSD resilience) (Cowdin et al., 2014; Germain et al., 2017; Roberts et al., 2015; Scherrer et al., 2019; Vaccarino et al., 2014).”
Characterization, Conceptualization, and Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD
Pace-Schott, E. F., & Bottary, R. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Frequency Characteristics of Sleep
Lázár, A. S., Lázár, Z. I., & Bódizs, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898340.013.17 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
LaGoy, A. D., Kaskie, R. E., Connaboy, C., Germain, A., & Ferrarelli, F. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nightmares and PTSD: Characterization, Theories, and Treatment Approaches
Pigeon, W. R., & Carr, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_71 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The Trauma Related Nightmare Survey developed byDavis et al. (2001) is a self-report measure including open-ended, categorical, and Likert scale items to assess frequency, duration, and severity of nightmares, as well as content of nightmares and their relationship to the trauma experienced.”
MethodResultPosttraumatische Belastungsstörungen
Michael, T., Sopp, R., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54909-4_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The interplay between neuroendocrine and sleep alterations following traumatic brain injury
Howell, S., & Griesbach, G. S. (2018) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-182483 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Comorbidities such as anxiety and depression should also be taken into consideration given that these are commonly observed after TBI and have been associated with sleep disruptions and REM alterations (Buysse, 2013) (Cowdin, Kobayashi, & Mellman, 2014; Giles, Biggs, Rush, & Roffwarg, 1988).”
LaGoy, A. D., Sphar, M., Connaboy, C., Dretsch, M. N., Ferrarelli, F., Laxminarayan, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Wang, C., Jaques Reifman, A., & Germain, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sleep, Stress, and Traumatic Memory
Sanford, L. D., Wellman, L. L., Lónárt, G., & Ross, R. J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nightmares and PTSD: Characterization, Theories, and Treatment Approaches
Pigeon, W. R., & Carr, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_71-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in the Selective Reconsolidation of Declarative Memories
MacDonald, K. J. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Scoping Review Exploring Psychological Resilience in Relation to Various Biomolecular variables
Axelsson, U., Månsson, J., Johnsson, P., Borrebaeck, C., Rydén, L., Edén, P., & Hallberg, I. (2019) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2019.23.003960
Oh, D., Kim, J., Kim, H., Jang, H., Hong, T., & An, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4517300
Hani, N., Gbreel, M. I., & Pavlou, K. (2023) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-023-00253-4
“Prior results are against the finding from Cow-din et al. [25] .”
Zapata, I. A., Li, Y., & Wen, P. P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4693533
Evaluation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder using Brain View Imaging
Lakey, J. R. T. (2023) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2023.20.002671
Functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric diseases
Canu, E., Tripodi, C., Gilioli, A., Filippi, M., & Agosta, F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19099-5.00014-3
Azza, Y., Kammerer, M. K., Ngo, H.-V. V., Ehsanifard, M., Wick, A. Z., Junghanns, K., & Wilhelm, I. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03910-0
- Authors
- Cowdin, N., Kobayashi, I., & Mellman, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgetown University (US)
- Howard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mellman, Thomas A.
- Venue
- Experimental Brain Research
- Published
- 2014-02-15
- Volume
- 232
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1479-1485
- ISSN
- 0014-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1106
- PMC
- PMC4449337
- OpenAlex
- W2005713259
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Experimental Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000101)
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL087995)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031975)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- REM sleep, theta oscillations, post-traumatic stress disorder, resilience, emotional memory consolidation, trauma exposure, right hemisphere, EEG spectral power, sleep biomarkers, polysomnography
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Female, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sleep, REM, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Theta Rhythm, Polysomnography, Young Adult
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