Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing

Walker, Matthew P.; van der Helm, Els

doi:10.1037/a0016570

Cited by 1,087Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disordersNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing

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Walker, Matthew P., van der Helm, Els·2009·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0016570PMC PMC2890316

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Abstract

Cognitive neuroscience continues to build meaningful connections between affective behavior and human brain function. Within the biological sciences, a similar renaissance has taken place, focusing on the role of sleep in various neurocognitive processes and, most recently, on the interaction between sleep and emotional regulation. This review surveys an array of diverse findings across basic and clinical research domains, resulting in a convergent view of sleep-dependent emotional brain processing. On the basis of the unique neurobiology of sleep, the authors outline a model describing the overnight modulation of affective neural systems and the (re)processing of recent emotional experiences, both of which appear to redress the appropriate next-day reactivity of limbic and associated autonomic networks. Furthermore, a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep hypothesis of emotional-memory processing is proposed, the implications of which may provide brain-based insights into the association between sleep abnormalities and the initiation and maintenance of mood disturbances.

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REM sleep and its main oscillatory feature, frontal theta, play a critical role in the processing of recent and emotional memories.
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and its main oscillatory feature, frontal theta, play a critical role in the processing of recent and emotional memories (for reviews, see Walker, 2009; Walker and van der Helm, 2009; Genzel et al., 2015; Hutchison and Rathore, 2015).”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
In “Sleep and Affective Memory Consolidation” (page unavailable), the review reports that prefrontal theta power during REM sleep correlated with improvement in emotional memory. Its heuristic-model section (page unavailable) proposes that REM theta may help integrate recently experienced emotional events. These passages support a role for REM sleep and frontal theta, but describe the mechanism tentatively rather than establishing that both play a critical role. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The failure of this reduction during REM sleep has been found in anxiety disturbances associated with the presence of higher gamma activity, contributing to hyperarousal and amygdala reactivity.
“the failure of this reduction during REM sleep has been found in anxiety disturbances associated to the presence of higher gamma activity, contributing to hyperarousal and amygdala reactivity”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
The “Predictions of the model” section proposes that REM sleep may fail to reduce emotional responses in PTSD and that hyperarousal during REM could prevent this processing; it does not present this as an established finding. The “Sleep” section describes gamma activity as a feature of REM sleep generally, not as elevated in anxiety disturbances or as a cause of hyperarousal and amygdala reactivity. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The adrenergic reduction during REM sleep is essential to emotional regulation because of its role in defusing affective experiences and decreasing emotional intensity.
“the adrenergic reduction during REM sleep is essential to emotional regulation because of its role in defusing affective experiences and decreasing emotional intensity”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
The “Sleep” section describes strongly inhibited noradrenergic activity during REM sleep. In “Emotional memory processing: Time (wake) vs. sleep,” the authors propose that processing without adrenergic influence may reduce a memory’s associated autonomic charge. The claim presents this proposed mechanism as an established, essential role in emotional regulation; the cited passages do not establish that necessity. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Gamma activity could represent a marker of the suppression of central adrenergic neurotransmitters in REM sleep involved in the encoding of emotional salient events along with activation in the amygdala-hippocampal system.
“the gamma activity could represent a marker of the suppression of central adrenergic neurotransmitters in REM sleep (also implicated in arousal and stress) involved in the encoding of emotional salient events along with activation in amygdala-hippocampal system”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
The Sleep section describes gamma activity during REM sleep and separately says that aminergic activity is strongly inhibited, but it does not identify gamma activity as a marker of that inhibition. The Emotional Memory Encoding section links amygdala–hippocampal co-activation to encoding emotional events; the paper does not link that encoding to REM gamma activity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Some dream and/or REM abnormalities represent core symptoms of psychiatric and sleep disorders.
“It should be emphasized that this evidence may afford insights for the translational research since that some dream and/or REM abnormalities represent the core symptoms of psychiatric and sleep disorders (Benca et al., 1992, 1997; Harvey, 2008; Walker and van der Helm, 2009).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
The “Sleep and mood disorders” and “Post-traumatic stress disorder” sections describe REM abnormalities in depression and dream-related experiences as a diagnostic feature of PTSD. They do not establish that dream or REM abnormalities are core symptoms of sleep disorders as a separate category. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

REM sleep alterations are responsible for emotional imbalance, and maintenance of REM sleep promotes adaptive emotional responses during waking life.
“Although disentangling the issue is out of our purpose, undoubtedly, REM sleep alterations are responsible of emotional imbalance and the maintenance of REM sleep promotes adaptive emotional responses during waking life (Walker and van der Helm, 2009).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
In the heuristic model’s “Predictions of the model” section (page not available), the authors propose that pathological increases in REM sleep may amplify negative memories, while balanced REM sleep should be associated with reduced emotional reactivity. The “Sleep loss, mood stability and emotional brain (re)activity” section says a night of sleep may help reset responses to next-day emotional challenges, but does not establish that maintaining REM sleep specifically causes this effect. The citing sentence turns these qualified proposals into an unequivocal causal claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The results bolster the Sleep to Remember and Sleep to Forget model by suggesting a transformation across nights of the memory traces processed in REM sleep, such that older memories are still present in dreams but no longer related to REM theta activity.
“Our results bolster this model by suggesting a transformation across nights of the memory traces processed in REM sleep, that is, while older memories are still present in dreams, these memory traces are no longer related to REM theta activity.”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Daily emotional distress is regulated during REM sleep as limbic activation during REM sleep reactivates emotionally distressing events, associates them with previous occurrences, and then processes them.
“Daily emotional distress is regulated during REM sleep as limbic activation during REM sleep reactivates emotionally distressing events, associates them with previous occurrences, and then processes them [113].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [113]
In the SFSR hypothesis section (page not provided), the authors propose that limbic activity during REM may reactivate emotional experiences and that REM-related network activity may integrate recent events with existing memories. The citing sentence presents this proposed mechanism and its regulation of distress as established fact, rather than as a hypothesis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
This selective activation might regulate emotion via memory consolidation, active processes during dreaming, depotentiation of emotional components of memory, and yet to be discovered mechanisms.
“This selective activation might regulate emotion via memory consolidation (Pace-Schott et al., 2015a), active processes taking place during dreaming (Nielsen and Levin, 2007), depotentiation of emotional components of memory (Walker and van der Helm, 2009) as well as yet to be discovered mechanisms.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
Mood disturbances frequently appear along with sleep modifications involving REM sleep.
“mood disturbances frequently appear along with sleep modifications involving REM sleep”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
Dreams can represent a reactivation of waking-life experiences with the function of reprocessing conflictual events and their negative emotional tone.
“Hence, dreams can represent a reactivation of waking-life experiences with the function of re-processed the conflictual events and their negative emotional tone (Walker and van der Helm, 2009).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009
The absence of a link between frontal theta activity and waking-life experiences in REM dreams for older memories suggests a transformation across nights of the memory traces processed in REM sleep.
“Importantly, this link between frontal theta activity and waking-life experiences in REM dreams was not observed with older memories. This result suggests a transformation across nights of the memories, as proposed by the Sleep to Remember and Sleep to Forget model (Walker, 2009; Walker and van der Helm, 2009).”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Walker and van der Helm, 2009

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About Sleep's Role in Memory
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
“…et al. 1992) or sleep deprivation (Van der Helm et al. 2010; Yoo et al. 2007), in which critical brain regions and/or their connections are functionally altered (over-activated or deactivated), emotion generation is preserved, although subjective emotional experience can be modulated (Walker 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition
Killgore, W. D. S. (2010) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53702-7.00007-5 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review
Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
The role of sleep in emotional brain function
Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153716 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
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Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy
Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., Schlarb, A., Frase, L., Jernelöv, S., & Riemann, D. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13052 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review
Palmer, C. A., & Alfano, C. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders
Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Harvey, A. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30136-x · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: a century of research meta-analyzed.
Astill, R. G., Van der Heijden, K. B., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028204 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents
Gregory, A. M., & Sadeh, A. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.007 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Sleep and emotions: Bidirectional links and underlying mechanisms
Kahn, M., Sheppes, G., & Sadeh, A. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.010 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Overlapping memory replay during sleep builds cognitive schemata
Lewis, P. A., & Durrant, S. J. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.004 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences
Someren, E. J. W. V. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2019 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
REM sleep dysregulation in depression: state of the art
Palagini, L., Baglioni, C., Ciapparelli, A., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.11.001 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences
Gujar, N., Yoo, S.-S., Hu, P., & Walker, M. P. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3220-10.2011 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
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Sleep and emotional processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence
Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M., & Lancel, M. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.006 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
REM sleep depotentiates amygdala activity to previous emotional experiences
van der Helm, E., Yao, J., Dutt, S., Rao, V., Saletin, J. M., & Walker, M. P. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.052 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
“Clinical evidence suggests a potentially causal interaction between sleep and affective brain function; nearly all mood disorders display co-occurring sleep abnormalities, commonly involving rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep [1–4].”
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Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
Brodt, S., Inostroza, M., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Koffel, E. A., Koffel, J. B., & Gehrman, P. R. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.05.001 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The relationship between sleep and work: A meta-analysis.
Litwiller, B. J., Snyder, L. A., Taylor, W. D., & Steele, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000169 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Sleep and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mazurek, M. O., & Sohl, K. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2723-7 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions
Brand, S., & Kirov, R. (2011) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s11557 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Poorer sleep quality is associated with lower emotion-regulation ability in a laboratory paradigm
Mauss, I. B., Troy, A. S., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.727783 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one
Tomaso, C. C., Johnson, A. B., & Nelson, T. D. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa289 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep.
Dang-Vu, T. T., Schabus, M., Desseilles, M., Sterpenich, V., Bonjean, M., & Maquet, P. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.12.1589 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
A role for REM sleep in recalibrating the sensitivity of the human brain to specific emotions
Gujar, N., McDonald, S. A., Nishida, M., & Walker, M. P. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq064 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
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Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“For example, in the “Sleep to Remember, Sleep to Forget” model, Walker and colleagues suggest that REM sleep serves the dual purpose of consolidating the content of emotional memory and diminishing the memory’s emotional charge [75, 10].”
Background
Differential Effects of Non-REM and REM Sleep on Memory Consolidation?
Ackermann, S., & Rasch, B. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0430-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Processing of emotional reactivity and emotional memory over sleep
Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ericson, C., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2532-11.2012 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory
Hutchison, I. C., & Rathore, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01439 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Social interactions, emotion and sleep: A systematic review and research agenda
Beattie, L., Kyle, S. D., Espie, C. A., & Biello, S. M. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.005 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder
Murray, G., & Harvey, A. G. (2010) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00843.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Manipulating Sleep Duration Alters Emotional Functioning and Cognitive Performance in Children
Vriend, J. L., Davidson, F. D., Corkum, P. V., Rusak, B., Chambers, C. T., & McLaughlin, E. N. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst033 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Later Emotional and Behavioral Problems Associated With Sleep Problems in Toddlers: A Longitudinal Study
Sivertsen, B., Harvey, A. G., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Torgersen, L., Ystrom, E., & Hysing, M. (2015) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0187 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000014 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Physiological feelings
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
It's more than sex: exploring the dyadic nature of sleep and implications for health
Troxel, W. M. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181de7ff8 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“These cognitive skills are critically important for problem-solving and emotion regulation (92).”
Background
Sleep loss and emotion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 50 years of experimental research.
Palmer, C. A., Bower, J. L., Cho, K. W., Clementi, M. A., Lau, S., Oosterhoff, B. J., & Alfano, C. A. (2023) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000410 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The microstructure of REM sleep: Why phasic and tonic?
Simor, P., van der Wijk, G., Nobili, L., & Peigneux, P. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101305 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Hours of sleep in adolescents and its association with anxiety, emotional concerns, and suicidal ideation
Sarchiapone, M., Mandelli, L., Carli, V., Iosue, M., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., Hoven, C. W., Apter, A., Balázs, J., Bobes, J., et al. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.780 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The role of REM sleep in the processing of emotional memories: evidence from behavior and event-related potentials
Groch, S., Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.10.006 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance in PTSD and other anxiety-related disorders: an updated review of clinical features, physiological characteristics, and psychological and neurobiological mechanisms
Richards, A. L., Kanady, J. C., & Neylan, T. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0486-5 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Reciprocal relations between children's sleep and their adjustment over time.
Kelly, R. J., & El-Sheikh, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034501 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes
Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D'Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00459 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“…aimed to identify the sleep EEG correlates of emotional memory consolidation (Levin and Nielsen, 2007; Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009; Nishida et al., 2009; Walker, 2009; Walker and van der Helm, 2009; Spoormaker et al., 2014; Genzel et al., 2015; Hutchinson and Rathore, 2015; Sopp et al., 2017, 2018).”
Background
Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: An intimate relationship
Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Wang, Y. (2017) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2018.1.1 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The roles of the reward system in sleep and dreaming
Perogamvros, L., & Schwartz, S. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.010 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Overanxious and underslept
Ben Simon, E., Rossi, A., Harvey, A. G., & Walker, M. P. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0754-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citation
The brain structure and genetic mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between sleep duration, cognition and mental health
Li, Y., Sahakian, B. J., Kang, J., Langley, C., Zhang, W., Xie, C., Xiang, S., Yu, J., Cheng, W., & Feng, J. (2022) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00210-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The role of rapid eye movement sleep for amygdala-related memory processing
Genzel, L., Spoormaker, V. I., Konrad, B. N., & Dresler, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Decoding material-specific memory reprocessing during sleep in humans
Schönauer, M., Alizadeh, S., Jamalabadi, H., Abraham, A., Pawlizki, A., & Gais, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15404 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better
Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., & Schechtman, E. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050815 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Noradrenergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of PTSD
Hendrickson, R. C., & Raskind, M. A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Pharmacologically increasing sleep spindles enhances recognition for negative and high-arousal memories
Kaestner, E. J., Wixted, J. T., & Mednick, S. C. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00433 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating fear memories
Menz, M. M., Rihm, J. S., Salari, N., Born, J., Kalisch, R., Pape, H. C., Marshall, L., & Büchel, C. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.001 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The reorganisation of memory during sleep
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Piosczyk, H., Feige, B., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Complementary roles of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in emotional memory consolidation
Cairney, S. A., Durrant, S. J., Power, R., & Lewis, P. A. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht349 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The bidirectional relation between emotional reactivity and sleep: From disruption to recovery.
Altena, E., Micoulaud-Franchi, J., Geoffroy, P., Sanz-Arigita, E. J., Bioulac, S., & Philip, P. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000128 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Enhanced emotional reactivity after selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: an fMRI study
Rosales-Lagarde, A., Armony, J. L., del Río‐Portilla, Y., Trejo‐Martínez, D., Conde, R., & Corsi‐Cabrera, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00025 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Sleep’s Role in the Consolidation of Emotional Episodic Memories
Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410383978 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Treating nightmares and insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of current evidence
Nappi, C. M., Drummond, S. P. A., & Hall, J. M. H. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.029 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on fear extinction recall and prediction error signaling
Spoormaker, V. I., Schröter, M. S., Andrade, K. C., Dresler, M., Kiem, S. A., Goya‐Maldonado, R., Wetter, T. C., Holsboer, F., Sämann, P. G., & Czisch, M. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21369 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Bidirectional, Temporal Associations of Sleep with Positive Events, Affect, and Stressors in Daily Life Across a Week
Sin, N. L., Almeida, D. M., Crain, T. L., Kossek, E. E., Berkman, L. F., & Buxton, O. M. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9864-y · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Sanford, L. D., Yang, L., Zhou, J., Zhang, J., Wing, Y. K., Shi, J., Lü, L., & Tang, X. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sleep in infancy and childhood
Sadeh, A., Tikotzky, L., & Kahn, M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000109 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep
Konkoly, K. R., Appel, K., Chabani, E., Mangiaruga, A., Gott, J., Mallett, R., Caughran, B., Witkowski, S., Whitmore, N. W., Mazurek, C. Y., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The key role of insomnia and sleep loss in the dysregulation of multiple systems involved in mood disorders: A proposed model
Palagini, L., Bastien, C., Marazziti, D., Ellis, J. G., & Riemann, D. W. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12841 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Prospective Relationship Between Poor Sleep and Substance‐Related Problems in a National Sample of Adolescents
Wong, M. M.-H., Robertson, G. C., & Dyson, R. B. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12618 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Fragmented Sleep, Fragmented Mind
der Kloet, D. V. H., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Giesbrecht, T., & Lynn, S. J. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612437597 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Poor sleep predicts symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depression
Paunio, T., Korhonen, T., Hublin, C., Partinen, M., Koskenvuo, K., Koskenvuo, M. J., & Kaprio, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment
Koffel, E., Khawaja, I. S., & Germain, A. (2016) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20160125-01 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Losing Neutrality: The Neural Basis of Impaired Emotional Control without Sleep
Simon, E. B., Oren, N., Sharon, H., Kirschner, A., Goldway, N., Okon‐Singer, H., Tauman, R., Deweese, M. M., Keil, A., & Hendler, T. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1314-15.2015 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Impact of sleep restriction versus idealized sleep on emotional experience, reactivity and regulation in healthy adolescents
Reddy, R., Palmer, C. A., Jackson, C., Farris, S. G., & Alfano, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12484 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Poor Sleep Health in Adulthood
Brindle, R. C., Cribbet, M. R., Samuelsson, L. B., Gao, C., Frank, E., Krafty, R. T., Thayer, J. F., Buysse, D. J., & Hall, M. H. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000542 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Sleep and the processing of emotions
Deliens, G., Gilson, M., & Peigneux, P. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3832-1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
REM Sleep Rebound as an Adaptive Response to Stressful Situations
Suchecki, D., Tiba, P. A., & Machado, R. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00041 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: Associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety
Sit, D. K. Y., Luther, J. F., Buysse, D. J., Dills, J. L., Eng, H. F., Okun, M. L., Wisniewski, S. R., & Wisner, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.021 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Memory, sleep, and dreaming: experiencing consolidation
Wamsley, E. J., & Stickgold, R. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.12.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Yet despite widespread theoretical agreement that sleep-dependent memory processing may relate to dream experience [30,36–40,72], attempts to empirically address this hypothesis have been conspicuously absent.”
Background
The relationship between sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in mood disorders: A systematic review
Pearson, O. P., Uglik‐Marucha, N., Miskowiak, K. W., Cairney, S. A., Rosenzweig, I., Young, A. H., & Stokes, P. R. A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.114 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Chronic insomnia, REM sleep instability and emotional dysregulation: A pathway to anxiety and depression?
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Authors: Walker, M. P., & van der Helm, E.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Walker, Matthew P.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009
Volume: 135
Issue: 5
Pages: 731-748
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0016570
PMC: PMC2890316
OpenAlex: W2147396017
Cited by: 1,087
References: 178
Citations by year: 2026: 109 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 17.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (MH069935)
American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: sleep, emotional processing, emotion regulation, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, emotional memory, REM sleep, limbic system, autonomic nervous system, mood disturbance, sleep abnormalities, emotional behavior
MeSH terms: Affect, Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Memory, Sleep, Sleep, REM

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