Processing of emotional reactivity and emotional memory over sleep
Open accessAbstract
Sleep enhances memories, particularly emotional memories. As such, it has been suggested that sleep deprivation may reduce posttraumatic stress disorder. This presumes that emotional memory consolidation is paralleled by a reduction in emotional reactivity, an association that has not yet been examined. In the present experiment, we used an incidental memory task in humans and obtained valence and arousal ratings during two sessions separated either by 12 h of daytime wake or 12 h including overnight sleep. Recognition accuracy was greater following sleep relative to wake for both negative and neutral pictures. While emotional reactivity to negative pictures was greatly reduced over wake, the negative emotional response was relatively preserved over sleep. Moreover, protection of emotional reactivity was associated with greater time in REM sleep. Recognition accuracy, however, was not associated with REM. Thus, we provide the first evidence that sleep enhances emotional memory while preserving emotional reactivity.
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NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day.
“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says performance on a range of tasks is better after sleep than after an equivalent period awake, supporting a general benefit of sleep for cognitive performance. It does not establish that NREM sleep specifically is required for optimal wakefulness or cognitive function the following day. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredREM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing.
“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction describes emotional-memory benefits after sleep and reports earlier findings comparing REM-rich late-night sleep with SWS-rich early-night sleep. But this study’s Abstract says recognition accuracy was not associated with REM, so it does not establish that REM specifically enables emotional-memory processing. The cited passages also do not state that REM follows slow-wave sleep or that NREM is required for next-day wakefulness and cognitive function. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmotional reactivity decreases across wakefulness but is preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect specifically linked to REM sleep.
“Others found that emotional reactivity decreased across wakefulness, but was preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect on emotional reactivity being specifically linked to REM sleep (60,481).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
Sleep after learning benefits declarative memory.
“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
Other studies failed to reveal preferential consolidation of emotional over neutral memories during sleep.
“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574,602,861,896,898,1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60,168,732,1147,1148).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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“2009), others have also failed to find such relationships (Baran et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultRecent Advancements in Treating Sleep Disorders in Co-Occurring PTSD
Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Stepnowsky, C. J., McCarthy, M. J., Goldstein, L. A., & Norman, S. B. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0916-9 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Virginie Sterpenich, A., Schmidt, C., Albouy, G., Matarazzo, L., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Boveroux, P., Degueldre, C., Leclercq, Y., Balteau, E., Collette, F., et al. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3762 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A Review of the Relationship Between Emotional Learning and Memory, Sleep, and PTSD
Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Acheson, D. T., & Gehrman, P. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-0987-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elements
Hayes, T. L., Krishnan, G. P., Bazhenov, M., Siegelmann, H. T., Sejnowski, T. J., & Kanan, C. (2021) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01433 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“REM also selectively promotes consolidation of emotional memories (Baran et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2001).”
Wiesner, C. D., Pulst, J., Krause, F., Elsner, M., Baving, L., Pedersen, A., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., & Göder, R. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.008 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Cowdin, N., Kobayashi, I., & Mellman, T. A. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3857-5 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Baran et al. (2012) suggested that REM sleep consolidation processes serve to preserve the emotional salience of and reactivity to memories.”
BackgroundCunningham, T. J., Crowell, C. R., Alger, S. E., Kensinger, E. A., Villano, M. A., Mattingly, S. M., & Payne, J. D. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“, 2011; Wagner, Fischer, & Born, 2002; Walker & van der Helm, 2009), although it is unclear at present whether sleep serves to protect (Baran et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2013), potentiate (LaraCarrasco, Nielsen, Solomonova, Levrier, & Popova, 2009; Wagner et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreferential Consolidation of Emotional Memory During Sleep: A Meta-Analysis
Lipinska, G., Stuart, B. L., Thomas, K. G. F., Baldwin, D. S., & Bolinger, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01014 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Many studies were judged as having an uncertain level of bias (e.g., Atienza and Cantero, 2008; Payne et al., 2008; Baran et al., 2012; Ackermann et al., 2015; Bennion et al., 2016; Alger et al., 2018).”
BackgroundOlfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior
Arzi, A., Holtzman, Y., Samnon, P., Eshel, N., Harel, E., & Sobel, N. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2291-14.2014 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Closed-Loop Acoustic Stimulation Enhances Sleep Oscillations But Not Memory Performance
Henin, S. E., Borges, H., Shankar, A., Sarac, C., Melloni, L., Friedman, D. J., Flinker, A., Parra, L. C., Buzsáki, G., Devinsky, O., et al. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0306-19.2019 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…strongly remembered after sleep compared with neutral memories (Wagner et al., 2006; Payne et al., 2008; Nishida et al., 2009; Javadi et al., 2011; Payne and Kensinger, 2011; Baran et al., 2012), although other studies did not find these effects (Sterpenich et al., 2007, 2009; Lewis et al., 2011).”
ResultSleep and Cortisol Interact to Support Memory Consolidation
Bennion, K. A., Steinmetz, K. R. M., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht255 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Schäfer, S. K., Wirth, B. E., Staginnus, M., Becker, N., Michael, T., & Sopp, M. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101280 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Fear Conditioning, Safety Learning, and Sleep in Humans
Marshall, A. J., Acheson, D. T., Risbrough, V. B., Straus, L. D., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0478-14.2014 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“A growing number of human studies demonstrate that REM sleep plays a facilitatory role in consolidation of emotional memory (Nishida et al., 2009; Baran et al., 2012; Payne et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2013), including positive emotions (Gujar et al., 2011), which are arguably closer to safety…”
BackgroundAdolescent sleep restriction effects on cognition and mood
Short, M. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Emotional memory processing is influenced by sleep quality.
Tempesta, D., de Gennaro, L., Natale, V., & Ferrara, M. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.024 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“findings are generally consistent in indicating that sleep supports emotional memory consolidation [2,11–16], while sleep deprivation negatively affects it [2,6,7,17–21].”
ResultFrontal beta-theta network during REM sleep
Vijayan, S., Lepage, K., Kopell, N., & Cash, S. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18894 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“, 2002b) such as emotional regulation (Baran et al., 2012) while stage 2 NREM sleep may be more important for the consolidation of procedural memories (Mantua et al.”
BackgroundConsolidative mechanisms of emotional processing in REM sleep and PTSD
Murkar, A., & Koninck, J. D. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cellini, N., Torre, J., Stegagno, L., & Sarlo, M. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.015 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Slow Wave Sleep Induced by GABA Agonist Tiagabine Fails to Benefit Memory Consolidation
Feld, G. B., Wilhelm, I., Ma, Y., Groch, S., Binkofski, F., Mölle, M., & Jan Born, A. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2954 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Psychological Effect of an Analogue Traumatic Event Reduced by Sleep Deprivation
Porcheret, K., Holmes, E. A., Goodwin, G. M., Foster, R. G., & Wulff, K. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4802 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., Weeß, H.-G., & Mecklinger, A. (2017) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0542-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder
Wassing, R., Schalkwijk, F. W., Lakbila‐Kamal, O., Ramautar, J. R., Stoffers, D., Mutsaerts, H. J. M. M., Talamini, L. M., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz089 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The role of sleep in cognitive processing: focusing on memory consolidation
Chambers, A. M. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1433 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“For instance, Baran et al.(61) found that subjective emotional ratings of negative images were maintained across a night of sleep, and this was related to the amount of REM sleep obtained.”
BackgroundRecall dynamics reveal the retrieval of emotional context
Long, N. M., Danoff, M. S., & Kahana, M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0791-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Each word was then assigned a status of negative (ratings 1–4), neutral (ratings 4–6), or positive (ratings 6–9) valence (Baran et al., 2012).”
Sleep quality in healthy and mood-disordered persons predicts daily life emotional reactivity
O'Leary, K., Small, B. J., Panaite, V., Bylsma, L. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2017) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1126554 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Overnight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress
Cabrera, Y., Koymans, K. J., Poe, G. R., Kessels, H. W. H. G., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Wassing, R. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“During REM sleep , instead of being”
Werner, G. G., Schabus, M., Blechert, J., Kolodyazhniy, V., & Wilhelm, F. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12404 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Following the approach of Baran et al. (2012), we focused specifically on REM sleep in the third and fourth quarters of the night (i.”
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Self-citationWhy REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world
Horne, J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.10.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gilson, M., Deliens, G., Leproult, R., Bodart, A., Nonclercq, A., Ercek, R., & Peigneux, P. (2015) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci6010001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Similarly, emotional reactivity to the viewing of negative pictures was associated with more time spent in REM sleep [32], suggesting that sleep may preserve emotional reactivity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialREM sleep and memory reorganization: Potential relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Maier, J.-G., Spiegelhalder, K., Baglioni, C., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Eichenlaub, J.-B., van Rijn, E., Gaskell, M. G., Lewis, P. A., Maby, E., Malinowski, J. E., Walker, M. P., Boy, F., & Blagrove, M. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy041 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Morgenthaler, J., Wiesner, C. D., Hinze, K., Abels, L. C., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., & Göder, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089849 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chronobiology of mood disorders
Malhi, G. S., & Kuiper, S. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12173 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep may be particularly salient in maintaining emotional regulatory function (32, 35).”
BackgroundEmotional bias of sleep-dependent processing shifts from negative to positive with aging
Jones, B. J., Schultz, K. S., Adams, S. M., Baran, B., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2016) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.019 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Given that primary measures of emotional reactivity (ΔValence and ΔArousal, described below) represented target pictures only, HR was chosen as the primary measure of memory, whereas FAR, CR, and d' were included as secondary measures (Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRichards, A., Metzler, T. J., Ruoff, L. M., Inslicht, S. S., Rao, M., Talbot, L. S., & Neylan, T. C. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12064 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Conversely, increased REM sleep has also been shown to be correlated with greater consolidation of emotionally salient memories, the mechanisms and benefits of which, in PTSD and healthy subjects, remain unclear (Baran et al., 2012; Nishida et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDenis, D., Sanders, K. E. G., Kensinger, E., & Payne, J. D. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202657119 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rihm, J. S., & Rasch, B. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…covert amygdaloid reactivations, causing a strengthening of the declarative, informational content of the memory and a decrease of the emotional reactivity to this memory (Van der Helm et al., 2011; Walker & van der Helm, 2009, although see Baran et al., 2012; see Rasch & Born, 2013 for a review).”
BackgroundSelective effects of sleep on emotional memory: What mechanisms are responsible?
Bennion, K. A., Payne, J. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2015) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000019 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in Human Declarative Memory Consolidation
Alger, S. E., Chambers, A. M., Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_341 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Results indicated a boost in memory for negatively salient scenes, as expected, but rather than finding an increase in subjective negativity after a night of sleep, they found that the negative emotional response was preserved over a night of sleep when compared to a clear attenuation of negative ratings seen in the w…”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance
Killgore, W. D. S., & Weber, M. (2014) · Sleep Deprivation and Disease · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_16 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The role of REM sleep in emotion processing was further supported by research showing that REM sleep is particularly important for sustaining the emotional valence of memories [ 57 ].”
ResultThe impact of sleep on true and false memory across long delays
Pardilla-Delgado, E., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.016 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0460-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The role of experience in prioritizing hippocampal replay
Gorriz, M. H., Takigawa, M., & Bendor, D. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43939-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This ability of the brain to bias memory processing towards more salient experiences requires sleep; if subjects remained awake following training on a behavioral task for a similar time period, no bias in-memory processing is observed 23 .”
BackgroundSchoch, S. F., Cordi, M. J., & Rasch, B. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Baran et al. (2012) explain these divergent findings by highlighting the different experimental designs used across studies including variation of stimuli, range of emotional variance and presentation times.”
BackgroundInteraction of Sleep and Emotional Content on the Production of False Memories
McKeon, S., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049353 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“However, preferential sleep dependent consolidation of emotional over neutral items has not been consistently found [29,30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Marle, H. J. F., Hermans, E. J., Qin, S., Overeem, S., & Fernández, G. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Anxious Traits
Coles, M. E., Schubert, J. R., & Nota, J. A. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0613-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Targeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses
Hutchison, I. C., Pezzoli, S., Tsimpanouli, M.-E., Abdellahi, M. E. A., Pobric, G., Hulleman, J., & Lewis, P. A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01854-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sleep divergently affects cognitive and automatic emotional response in children
Bolinger, E., Jan Born, A., & Zinke, K. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Overall, however, studies of the effects of sleep on valence ratings to negative stimuli reveal a rather heterogeneous picture (Baran et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2002), likely reflecting the complex integration of physiological signals and concurrent behavioral goals that are inherent to cognitive emotional appraisal…”
InfluentialSleep spindles provide indirect support to the consolidation of emotional encoding contexts
Cairney, S. A., Durrant, S. J., Jackson, R. L., & Lewis, P. A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…Power & McGaugh, 2002), are twice as high as those observed in wakefulness (Marrosu et al., 1995), and this sleep stage has been linked to emotional memory retention in a number of prior reports (Groch et al., 2013; Nishida et al., 2009; Wagner, et al., 2001), although see also Baran et al. (2012).”
Laugh yourself to sleep: memory consolidation for humorous information
Chambers, A. M., & Payne, J. D. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3779-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Spencer, R. M. C., Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_13 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing
Mantua, J., Henry, O. S., Garskovas, N. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx062 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of five nights of sleep restriction on emotional reactivity
Tempesta, D., Salfi, F., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Napping reduces emotional attention bias during early childhood
Cremone, A., Kurdziel, L. B. F., Fraticelli‐Torres, A., McDermott, J. M., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12411 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Reduced emotional attention biases following sleep may come about via consolidation of memories of recent episodic events, a known function of SWS (e.g., Gais & Born, 2004), and stabilization of their affective tone over sleep (Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNielsen, T., O’Reilly, C., Carr, M., Dumel, G., Godin, I., Solomonova, E., Lara-Carrasco, J., Blanchette‐Carrière, C., & Paquette, T. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ai, S., Chen, J., Liu, J., He, J., Xue, Y.-X., Bao, Y., Han, F., Tang, X., Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sleep quality and its association with the insular cortex in emotional empathy
Guadagni, V., Burles, F., Ferrara, M., & Iaria, G. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14124 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cunningham, T. J., Stickgold, R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910317 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Substantial research has indicated that sleep may also play an active role in modulating the emotional tone or affectivity associated with emotional experiences (Walker and van Der Helm, 2009; van der Helm et al., 2011; Baran et al., 2012; Cunningham et al., 2014a; Bolinger et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWerner, G. G., Schabus, M., Blechert, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1713134 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The latter set of studies is rather in line with an alternative account that has recently emerged and that relates REM sleep to the consolidation of emotional salience (Baran et al., 2012; Pace-Schott et al., 2011; Werner et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTargeted Memory Reactivation During REM Sleep in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder
Borghese, F., Henckaerts, P., Guy, F., Mayo, C., Delplanque, S., Schwartz, S., & Perogamvros, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.904704 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Thus, REM sleep would not strengthen the emotional tone of memories (Baran et al., 2012; Jones & Spencer, 2019; Wagner et al., 2002; Werner et al., 2015), but might instead consolidate negative memories while attenuating their emotional tone (Cunningham et al.”
BackgroundPorcheret, K., der Kloet, D. V. H., Goodwin, G. M., Foster, F., Wulff, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0403-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sleep Preserves Physiological Arousal in Emotional Memory
Ashton, J. E., Harrington, M. O., Guttesen, A. Á. V., Smith, A. K., & Cairney, S. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42478-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Test Expectation Enhances Memory Consolidation across Both Sleep and Wake.
Wamsley, E. J., Hamilton, K., Graveline, Y., Manceor, S., & Parr, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165141 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sleep's benefits to emotional processing emerge in the long term
Bolinger, E., Cunningham, T. J., Payne, J. D., Bowman, M. A., Bulca, E., Jan Born, A., & Zinke, K. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Lipinska, G., & Thomas, K. G. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01766 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“, 2014), whereas others find maintained (Baran et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2013; Wiesner et al., 2015) or even enhanced (Lara-Carrasco et al.”
BackgroundBoth slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation
Yüksel, Ç., Denis, D., Coleman, J., Ren, B., Oh, A., Cox, R., Morgan, A., Sato, E., & Stickgold, R. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07868-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and its implications for psychiatry
Goerke, M., Müller, N. G., & Cohrs, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1476-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Contrary to that, however, one study found that sleep attenuated reactivity for negative information less than wakefulness (Baran et al. 2012).”
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Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory and Cognition
Spencer, R. M. C. (2013) · ISRN Physiology · doi:10.1155/2013/619319 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Emotional reactivity associated with negative images is also preserved over sleep [133].”
Self-citationMendoza-Alvarez, M., Balthasar, Y., Verbraecken, J. A., Claes, L., Someren, E. J. W. V., van Marle, H. J. F., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Picker, L. D. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.037 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Effects of Stressor Predictability on Escape Learning and Sleep in Mice
Machida, M., Yang, L., Wellman, L. L., & Sanford, L. D. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2464 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zeng, S., Lau, E. Y. Y., Li, S. X., & Hu, X. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13208 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ericson, C., & Spencer, R. M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-18
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1035-1042
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3548452
- OpenAlex
- W2024614399
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R00AG029710)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- emotional memory consolidation, emotional reactivity, sleep, REM sleep, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, incidental memory, recognition memory, emotional valence, emotional arousal, negative pictures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sleep, Statistics as Topic, Polysomnography, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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