Skin tests for the detection of Mycobacterial infections: achievements, current perspectives, and implications for other diseases
Open accessAbstract
Immunological and molecular advances have modernized diagnostic testing for many diseases. Although interferon gamma-release and polymerase chain reaction assays have been developed to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, purified protein derivative (PPD)-based tuberculin skin testing (TST) remains the most widely used method. Indeed, the TST is a simple and cost-effective tool that can be easily applied for widespread screening for Mtb infection. However, the lack of specificity has been a limitation of these tests, and, more recently, supply issues have arisen. Building upon the skin tests that historically have been used within TB and leprosy control programs, we discuss recent developments using modern technologies for improving mycobacterial skin testing as well as practical advantages inherent to the technique. Furthermore, we outline how this knowledge could be applied to develop similar tests that could benefit diagnostic strategies for other infections. KEY POINTS: • Skin testing provides a significantly cheaper alternative to most modern technologies. • Skin tests provide a lab-independent diagnostic strategy that can be widely administered. • Diseases for which T cell responses are more robust or durable than antibody responses are accessible for skin testing.
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- Authors
- Duthie, M. S., & Reed, S. G.
- Corresponding author
- Duthie, Malcolm S.
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 503-508
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- PMC
- PMC7780083
- OpenAlex
- W3118931203
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (HHSN272201800019C, AAI15006)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Leprosy Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- tuberculin skin test, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, interferon-gamma release assay, purified protein derivative, leprosy, diagnostic specificity, T cell response, tuberculosis screening, cost-effective diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Interferon-gamma, Mass Screening, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, T-Lymphocytes, Tuberculin Test
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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