Cited by 1,270Tuberculosis Research and EpidemiologyInfectious Diseases and TuberculosisDiagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Pai, Madhukar, Behr, Marcel A., Dowdy, David, Dheda, Keertan, Divangahi, Maziar, Boehme, Catharina C., Ginsberg, Ann, Swaminathan, Soumya +4 more·2016·Nature Reviews Disease Primers

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although primarily a pulmonary pathogen, M. tuberculosis can cause disease in almost any part of the body. Infection with M. tuberculosis can evolve from containment in the host, in which the bacteria are isolated within granulomas (latent TB infection), to a contagious state, in which the patient will show symptoms that can include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Only active pulmonary TB is contagious. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. Although several new TB diagnostics have been developed, including rapid molecular tests, there is a need for simpler point-of-care tests. Treatment usually requires a prolonged course of multiple antimicrobials, stimulating efforts to develop shorter drug regimens. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used worldwide, mainly to prevent life-threatening TB in infants and young children, it has been ineffective in controlling the global TB epidemic. Thus, efforts are underway to develop newer vaccines with improved efficacy. New tools as well as improved programme implementation and financing are necessary to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrdp.2016.76

Cites

189 of 189 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • TB is caused by the inhalation of droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis that enter the respiratory tract and infect the alveoli of the lungs.

    “TB is caused by the inhalation of droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis that enter the respiratory tract and infect the alveoli of the lungs.”

    From Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [149]

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Authors
Pai, M., Behr, M. A., Dowdy, D., Dheda, K., Divangahi, M., Boehme, C. C., Ginsberg, A., Swaminathan, S., Spigelman, M., Getahun, H., Menzies, D., & Raviglione, M.
Affiliations
  • Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Cape Town (ZA)
  • FIND (CH)
  • Aeras (US)
  • Indian Council of Medical Research (IN)
  • TB Alliance (US)
  • World Health Organization (CH)
Corresponding author
Pai, Madhukar
Venue
Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Published
2016-10-27
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
16076-16076
ISSN
2056-676X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4210627381
Cited by
1,270
References
189
Citations by year
2026: 136 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 152 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 53
FWCI
13.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Disease Primers (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • United States Agency for International Development
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  • World Health Organization
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
  • European Commission
  • Australian Agency for International Development
  • National Research Foundation
  • South African Medical Research Council
  • Indian Council of Medical Research
  • Public Health Agency
  • Department for International Development
  • Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken
  • Global Health Innovative Technology Fund
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (143273_1)
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
Keywords
tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, latent tuberculosis infection, active pulmonary tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis, TB diagnostics, point-of-care testing, TB treatment regimens, BCG vaccine, tuberculosis vaccine
MeSH terms
Antitubercular Agents, BCG Vaccine, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis

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