Large language models (LLM) and ChatGPT: what will the impact on nuclear medicine be?

Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples

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Intriguing properties of neural networks

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Education in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the Potential Benefits of ChatGPT in Promoting Teaching and Learning

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An overview of clinical decision support systems: Benefits, risks, and strategies for success

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Education in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the Potential Benefits of ChatGPT in Promoting Teaching and Learning

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ChatGPT: five priorities for research

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ChatGPT is fun, but not an author

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On Evaluating Adversarial RobustnessPreprint

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ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords

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ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove

Stokel-Walker, C. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z · Cited by 868

ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice: Systematic Review on the Promising Perspectives and Valid Concerns

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ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope

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ChatGPT in healthcare: A taxonomy and systematic review

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Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: is ChatGPT hype, hero or heresy?

Currie, G. M. (2023) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.04.008 · Cited by 283

A comprehensive survey of ChatGPT: Advancements, applications, prospects, and challenges

Nazir, A., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Meta-Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.metrad.2023.100022 · Cited by 245

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Medicine and Healthcare: Applications, Considerations, Limitations, Motivation and Challenges

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Evaluation of ChatGPT-generated medical responses: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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ChatGPT in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review

Alhaidry, H., Fatani, B., Alrayes, J. O., Almana, A. M., & Alfhaed, N. K. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38317 · Cited by 149

Suicide Risk Assessments Through the Eyes of ChatGPT-3.5 Versus ChatGPT-4: Vignette Study

Levkovich, I., & Elyoseph, Z. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/51232 · Cited by 119

Generative AI and large language models in health care: pathways to implementation

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ChatGPT in Radiology: The Advantages and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Imaging Diagnosis

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Evolution and Prospects of Foundation Models: From Large Language Models to Large Multimodal Models

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Teacher professional development for a future with generative artificial intelligence – an integrative literature review

Brandão, A., Pedro, L. F. M. G., & Zagalo, N. (2024) · Digital Education Review · doi:10.1344/der.2024.45.151-157 · Cited by 146

Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-Empowered Healthcare Conversations: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions in Large Language Model-Enabled Medical Chatbots

Chow, J. C. L., Wong, V., & Li, K. (2024) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics4010047 · Cited by 101

ChatGPT in medicine: A cross-disciplinary systematic review of ChatGPT’s (artificial intelligence) role in research, clinical practice, education, and patient interaction

Fatima, A., Shafique, M. A., Alam, K., Ahmad, T. K. F., & Mustafa, M. S. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039250 · Cited by 95

Popular large language model chatbots’ accuracy, comprehensiveness, and self-awareness in answering ocular symptom queries

Pushpanathan, K., Lim, Z. W., Yew, S. M. E., Chen, D. Z., Lin, H. A. H., Goh, J. H. L., Wong, W., Wang, X., Tan, M. C. J., Koh, V., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108163 · Cited by 82

ChatGPT performance on multiple choice question examinations in higher education. A pragmatic scoping review

Newton, P. M., & Xiromeriti, M. (2024) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2299059 · Cited by 161

Exploring the frontier: Transformer-based models in EEG signal analysis for brain-computer interfaces

Pfeffer, M. A., Ling, S. H., & Wong, J. K. W. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108705 · Cited by 75

Large language models for medicine: a survey

Zheng, Y., Gan, W., Chen, Z., Qi, Z., Liang, Q., & Yu, P. S. (2024) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s13042-024-02318-w · Cited by 90

AI in the Workplace: Examining the Effects of ChatGPT on Information Support and Knowledge Acquisition

Jo, H., & Park, D.-H. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2278283 · Cited by 80

Universal skepticism of ChatGPT: a review of early literature on chat generative pre-trained transformer

Watters, C., & Lemański, M. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1224976 · Cited by 64

Large Language Models and Artificial Intelligence: A Primer for Plastic Surgeons on the Demonstrated and Potential Applications, Promises, and Limitations of ChatGPT

Abi‐Rafeh, J., Xu, H. H., Kazan, R., Tevlin, R., & Furnas, H. J. (2023) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal · doi:10.1093/asj/sjad260 · Cited by 52

A knowledge-graph enhanced large language model-based fault diagnostic reasoning and maintenance decision support pipeline towards industry 5.0

Ma, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, Z., Pan, H., & Hong, J. (2025) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2025.2472298 · Cited by 65

The Application of Deep Learning on CBCT in Dentistry

Fan, W., Zhang, J., Wang, N., Li, J., & Hu, L. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13122056 · Cited by 49

Critical analysis of the AI impact on the patient–physician relationship: A multi-stakeholder qualitative study

Čartolovni, A., Malešević, A., & Poslon, L. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231220833 · Cited by 51

ChatGPT in Colorectal Surgery: A Promising Tool or a Passing Fad?

Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Chen, F. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03232-y · Cited by 45

Evaluation of ChatGPT as a diagnostic tool for medical learners and clinicians

Hadi, A., Tran, E., Nagarajan, B., & Kirpalani, A. (2024) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307383 · Cited by 45

A thorough examination of ChatGPT-3.5 potential applications in medical writing: A preliminary study

Dergaa, I., Saad, H. B., Glenn, J. M., Aissa, M. B., Taheri, M., Swed, S., Guelmami, N., & Chamari, K. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039757 · Cited by 48

Nexus between Chat GPT usage dimensions and investment decisions making in Pakistan: Moderating role of financial literacy

Ullah, R., Ismail, H., Khan, M. T. I., & Zeb, A. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102454 · Cited by 52

Assessing GPT-4’s Performance in Delivering Medical Advice: Comparative Analysis With Human Experts

Jo, E., Song, S., Kim, J.-H., Lim, S., Kim, J. H., Cha, J., Kim, Y.-M., & Joo, H. J. (2024) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/51282 · Cited by 42

LLM-based collaborative programming: impact on students’ computational thinking and self-efficacy

Yan, Y.-M., Chen, C., Hu, Y.-B., & Ye, X. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04471-1 · Cited by 49

Large language models (LLM) and ChatGPT: a medical student perspective

Perera Molligoda Arachchige, A. S. (2023) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06227-y · Cited by 35

How to mitigate the risks of deployment of artificial intelligence in medicine?

İlikhan, S. U., Özer, M., Tanberkan, H., & Bozkurt, V. (2024) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.55730/1300-0144.5814 · Cited by 46

Generative AI and large language models in nuclear medicine: current status and future prospects

Hirata, K., Matsui, Y., Yamada, A., Fujioka, T., Yanagawa, M., Nakaura, T., Ito, R., Ueda, D., Fujita, S., Tatsugami, F., et al. (2024) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-024-01981-x · Cited by 30

Exploring the Latest Applications of OpenAI and ChatGPT: An In-Depth Survey

Hong, Z., & Shao, H. (2023) · Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences · doi:10.32604/cmes.2023.030649 · Cited by 39

Applying Large Language Models in Accounting: A Comparative Analysis of Different Methodologies and Off-the-Shelf Examples

Li, H., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting · doi:10.2308/jeta-2023-065 · Cited by 29

How could ChatGPT impact my practice as an intensivist? An overview of potential applications, risks and limitations

Komorowski, M., Lopez, M. D. P. A., & Chang, A. C. (2023) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07096-7 · Cited by 30

Addressing Data Scarcity in the Medical Domain: A GPT-Based Approach for Synthetic Data Generation and Feature Extraction

Sufi, F. K. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15050264 · Cited by 32

Deep Learning–Powered Whole Slide Image Analysis in Cancer Pathology

Dang, C., Qi, Z., Xu, T., Gu, M., Chen, J., Wu, J. J., Lin, Y., & Qi, X. (2025) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.labinv.2025.104186 · Cited by 32

Radiological differential diagnoses based on cardiovascular and thoracic imaging patterns: perspectives of four large language models

Sarangi, P. K., Irodi, A., Panda, S., Nayak, D. S. K., & Mondal, H. (2024) · Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777289 · Cited by 28

Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT by Speech-Language Pathologists and Students

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Neuro-symbolic AI for auditable cognitive information extraction from medical reports

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The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Medicine

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AutoIoT: Automated IoT Platform Using Large Language Models

Cheng, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Li, K., Wang, R., & Yang, L. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3523907 · Cited by 25

From FDG and beyond: the evolving potential of nuclear medicine

Hirata, K., Kamagata, K., Ueda, D., Yanagawa, M., Kawamura, M., Nakaura, T., Ito, R., Tatsugami, F., Matsui, Y., Yamada, A., et al. (2023) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-023-01865-6 · Cited by 25

Evaluating ChatGPT’s Multilingual Performance in Clinical Nutrition Advice Using Synthetic Medical Text: Insights from Central Asia

Adilmetova, G., Nassyrov, R., Meyerbekova, A., Karabay, A., Varol, H. A., & Chan, M. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.12.018 · Cited by 29

Can artificial intelligence-strengthened ChatGPT or other large language models transform nucleic acid research?

Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharya, M., Lee, S., & Chakraborty, C. (2023) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2023.06.019 · Cited by 21

ChatGPT’s Skills in Statistical Analysis Using the Example of Allergology: Do We Have Reason for Concern?

Ordak, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11182554 · Cited by 26

Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Tourism Planning: A Hetero-Intelligence Methodology Proposal

de Sevilla, U., Ovando, R. Y., Esquinas, E. M. B., de Sevilla, U., Puig-Cabrera, M., Santos, M. C., & Santos, J. A. C. (2024) · Tourism & Management Studies · doi:10.18089/tms.2024si04 · Cited by 30

Unmasking large language models by means of OpenAI GPT-4 and Google AI: A deep instruction-based analysis

Zahid, I. A., Joudar, S. S., Albahri, A. S., Albahri, O. S., Alamoodi, A. H., Santamaría, J., & Alzubaidi, L. (2024) · Intelligent Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.iswa.2024.200431 · Cited by 29

Integrating large language models in mental health practice: a qualitative descriptive study based on expert interviews

Ma, Y.-Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, T., Sun, R., Xiao, M.-Z., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1475867 · Cited by 26

Empowering PET imaging reporting with retrieval-augmented large language models and reading reports database: a pilot single center study

Choi, H., Lee, D., Kang, Y.-K., & Suh, M. (2025) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-025-07101-9 · Cited by 23

Performance of ChatGPT on Solving Orthopedic Board-Style Questions: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4

Kim, S. E., Lee, J. H., Choi, B. S., Han, H., Lee, M. C., & Ro, D. H. (2024) · Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery · doi:10.4055/cios23179 · Cited by 21

Large Language Models in Orthopaedics

Yao, J. J., Aggarwal, M., Lopez, R. D., & Namdari, S. (2024) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.23.01417 · Cited by 19

ChatGPT: Cross cultural tourism research imperative

Chen, S., Zhang, K., Li, X., Ye, H., Lin, K. J., & Law, R. (2023) · Journal of Economics and Management · doi:10.22367/jem.2023.45.07 · Cited by 19

The efficacy of artificial intelligence in urology: a detailed analysis of kidney stone-related queries

Çil, G., & Doğan, K. (2024) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-024-04847-z · Cited by 21

When Young Scholars Cooperate with LLMs in Academic Tasks: The Influence of Individual Differences and Task Complexities

Wang, J., Huang, C., Yan, S., Xie, W., & He, D. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2352919 · Cited by 22

Comparing ChatGPT and Bing, in response to the Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM) knowledge checklist

Niko, M. M., Karbasi, Z., Kazemi, M., & Zahmatkeshan, M. (2024) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-024-01624-8 · Cited by 21

Unveiling the potential of generative artificial intelligence: a multidimensional journey into the future

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Agentic systems in radiology: Principles, opportunities, privacy risks, regulation, and sustainability concerns.

Tzanis, E., Adams, L. C., Akinci D’Antonoli, T., Bressem, K. K., Cuocolo, R., Kocak, B., Malamateniou, C., & Klontzas, M. E. (2026) · Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.diii.2025.10.002 · Cited by 16

Artificial Intelligence Procurement Assistant: Enhancing Bid Evaluation

Waseem, M., Das, T., Paloniemi, T., Koivisto, M., Räsänen, E., Setälä, M., & Mikkonen, T. (2024) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53227-6_8 · Cited by 16

Identifying healthcare needs with patient experience reviews using ChatGPT

Li, J., Yang, Y., Chen, R., Zheng, D., Pang, P. C., Lam, C. K., Wong, D., & Wang, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313442 · Cited by 17

A tea packaging design method based on artificial intelligence generated content

Gao, Z., & Li, Z. (2025) · Journal of Engineering Design · doi:10.1080/09544828.2025.2489647 · Cited by 16

On the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Statement-level Code Summarization

Zhu, J., Miao, Y., Xu, T., Zhu, J., & Sun, X. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS) · doi:10.1109/qrs62785.2024.00030 · Cited by 14

Evaluating Bard Gemini Pro and GPT-4 Vision Against Student Performance in Medical Visual Question Answering: Comparative Case Study

Roos, J., Martin, R., & Kaczmarczyk, R. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/57592 · Cited by 14

Research and Application of a Multi-Agent-Based Intelligent Mine Gas State Decision-Making System

Sun, Y., & Liu, X. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15020968 · Cited by 15

Comparative performance of large language models for patient-initiated ophthalmology consultations

Huang, M., Wang, X., Zhou, S., Cui, X., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., Yang, W., & Chi, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1673045 · Cited by 13

ZDDR: A Zero-Shot Defender for Adversarial Samples Detection and Restoration

Chen, M., He, G., & Wu, J. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3356568 · Cited by 13

Virtual healthcare bot (VHC-Bot): a Person-centered AI chatbot for transforming patient care and healthcare workforce dynamics

Alsalamah, S. A., Alsalamah, H. A., Alsalamah, H. A., Sheerah, H. A., Luther, K., & Lu, C. (2025) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-025-00537-x · Cited by 12

SliceGPT – OpenAI GPT-3.5 LLM, Blockchain and Non-Fungible Token Enabled Intelligent 5G/6G Network Slice Broker and Marketplace

Bandara, E., Foytik, P. B., Shetty, S. S., Mukkamala, R., Rahman, A., Liang, X., Ng, W. K., & Zoysa, K. D. (2024) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454701 · Cited by 15

Quantum leap in medical mentorship: exploring ChatGPT’s transition from textbooks to terabytes

Chokkakula, S., Chong, S., Yang, B., Jiang, H., Yu, J., Han, R., Attitalla, I. H., Yin, C., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1517981 · Cited by 12

Explainable cognitive decline detection in free dialogues with a Machine Learning approach based on pre-trained Large Language Models

de Arriba-Pérez, F., García-Méndez, S., Otero-Mosquera, J., & González-Castaño, F. J. (2024) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-024-05808-0 · Cited by 13

Transformative Movie Discovery: Large Language Models for Recommendation and Genre Prediction

Raj, S., Sharma, A., Saha, S., Singh, B., & Pedanekar, N. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3482461 · Cited by 14

Artificial Intelligence in Medical Metaverse: Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Yang, J., Chen, B., Li, R., Huang, B.-Q., Zhao, M.-H., Liu, P., Zhang, J., & Ye, Z. (2024) · Current Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s11596-024-2960-5 · Cited by 11

A mechanistic-based data-driven modeling framework for predicting production of electric submersible pump wells in offshore oilfield

Du, C., Gong, F., Zhou, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, H., & Gao, J. (2024) · Geoenergy Science and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213603 · Cited by 11

Evaluating the value of AI-generated questions for USMLE step 1 preparation: A study using ChatGPT-3.5

Balu, A., Prvulovic, S. T., Perez, C. F., Kim, A., Donoho, D. A., & Keating, G. F. (2025) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2025.2478872 · Cited by 14

Generative Artificial Intelligence for Industry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Impact

Saha, B. K. (2024) · 2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC) · doi:10.1109/icaiic60209.2024.10463245 · Cited by 11

Technical system of electroencephalography-based brain–computer interface: Advances, applications, and challenges

Yu, H., Mu, Q., Liu, C., Wang, S., & Sun, J. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00217 · Cited by 11

ChatGPT in nuclear medicine and radiology: lights and shadows in the AI bionetwork

Laudicella, R., Davidzon, G., Dimos, N., Provenzano, G., Iagaru, A. H., & Bisdas, S. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Imaging · doi:10.1007/s40336-023-00574-4 · Cited by 11

ChatGPT Role in a Medical Survey

AlSamhori, A. R. F., AlSamhori, J. F., & AlSamhori, A. F. (2023) · High Yield Medical Reviews · doi:10.59707/hymrtffp5435 · Cited by 12

Measuring the Effectiveness of AI Tools in Clinical Research and Writing: A Case Study in Healthcare

Salisu, S., Alyasiri, O. M., Younis, H. A., Sahib, T. M., Ali, A. H., Noor, A. A., & Hayder, I. M. (2024) · Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare · doi:10.58496/mjaih/2024/002 · Cited by 11

Developing a hetero-intelligence methodological framework for sustainable policy-making based on the assessment of large language models

Esquinas, E. M. B., Puig-Cabrera, M., Santos, J. A. C., Santos, M. C., & Ovando, R. Y. (2024) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2024.102707 · Cited by 11

Investigating the interpretability of ChatGPT in mental health counseling: An analysis of artificial intelligence generated content differentiation

Liu, Y., & Wang, F. (2025) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.108864 · Cited by 9

Towards Understanding the Geospatial Skills of ChatGPT: Taking a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ExamPreprint

Mooney, P., Cui, W., Guan, B., & Juhász, L. (2023) · doi:10.31223/x5p38p · Cited by 9

Automated Credibility Assessment of Web-Based Health Information Considering Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode): Model Development and Validation Study

Bayani, A., Ayotte, A., & Nikiema, J. N. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/52995 · Cited by 8

Identifying Kidney Stone Risk Factors Through Patient Experiences With a Large Language Model: Text Analysis and Empirical Study

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Reconstructing Pristine Molecular Orbitals from Scanning Tunneling Microscope Images via Artificial Intelligence Approaches

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