Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: is ChatGPT hype, hero or heresy?
Abstract
Academic integrity in both higher education and scientific writing has been challenged by developments in artificial intelligence. The limitations associated with algorithms have been largely overcome by the recently released ChatGPT; a chatbot powered by GPT-3.5 capable of producing accurate and human-like responses to questions in real-time. Despite the potential benefits, ChatGPT confronts significant limitations to its usefulness in nuclear medicine and radiology. Most notably, ChatGPT is prone to errors and fabrication of information which poses a risk to professionalism, ethics and integrity. These limitations simultaneously undermine the value of ChatGPT to the user by not producing outcomes at the expected standard. Nonetheless, there are a number of exciting applications of ChatGPT in nuclear medicine across education, clinical and research sectors. Assimilation of ChatGPT into practice requires redefining of norms, and re-engineering of information expectations.
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Unequal access to AI tools has a bearing on academic integrity behaviours and ethical use.
“Greitemeyer and Kastenmüller (2023) and Currie (2023) indicate that unequal access also has a bearing on academic integrity behaviours and ethical use.”
From Mapping the impact of generative AI in higher education: A scoping review of psychological and equity dimensions. (2026) · cites this paper as Currie (2023)
Generative AI has the potential to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in academic endeavors, but also presents opportunities for misuse in the form of academic misconduct and plagiarism.
“While generative AI has the potential to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in academic endeavors, it also presents opportunities for misuse in the form of academic misconduct and plagiarism (Bin-Nashwan et al., 2023;Currie, 2023).”
From GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as Currie, 2023
Hallucinations have been encountered in various domains, including the content itself and the cited references, including their bibliographic identifiers.
“Hallucinations have been encountered in various domains, including the content itself and the cited references, including their bibliographic identifiers [12,27-29].”
From Reference Hallucination Score for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Development and Usability Study (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
AI chatbots encounter a hallucination/fabrication phenomenon that was recognized early in their use in health care.
“Additionally, AI chatbots encounter a hallucination/fabrication phenomenon recognized early in their use in health care.”
From Reference Hallucination Score for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Development and Usability Study (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
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Integrating ChatGPT in a Computer Science Course: Students Perceptions and Suggestions
Aruleba, K. D., Sanusi, I., Obaido, G., & Ogbuokiri, B. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.01640 · Cited by 23
“The inconsistencies in ChatGPT’s responses, as highlighted by our participants, have been a common issue reported in previous studies (Joshi, Budhiraja, Dev, Kadia, Ataullah, Mitra, Kumar and Akolekar, 2023; Currie, 2023).”
ResultThe potential role of artificial intelligence in sustainability of nuclear medicine.
Currie, G., Hawk, K., & Rohren, E. (2024) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2024.03.005 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBringula, R. P. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00354-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“See Appendix A [1, 3, 10, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 44,”
InfluentialLastrucci, A., Wandael, Y., Barra, A., Ricci, R., Pirrera, A., Lepri, G., Gulino, R. A., Miele, V., & Giansanti, D. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237337 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Radiologists: they are central to the application and interpretation of these technologies, ensuring that they align with clinical needs and improve patient outcomes.”
Exploring ChatGPT's abilities in medical article writing and peer review
Kadı, G., & Aslaner, M. A. (2024) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2024.65.93 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Some authors suggested that the use of AI-generated texts in academic publishing will increase the number of poor-quality or plagiarized articles, erode trust among the academic community, and lead to ethical concerns (16,17).”
AI disclosure, moral shame, and the punishment of honesty
Bao, A., & Zeng, Y. (2025) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2025.2542197 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Given the potential risks of unethical AI use, there are concerns that dishonest use of AI could undermine academic integrity (Currie 2023; Hosseini, Resnik, and Holmes 2023; Resnik and Hosseini 2025; Rodrigues et al. 2025; Tripathi and Thakar 2024).”
Khalifa, A. A., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2024) · Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.1108/agjsr-09-2023-0423 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Baucon, A., & de Carvalho, C. N. (2024) · Geoheritage · doi:10.1007/s12371-024-01011-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“First, academic integrity is a major issue related to GPT-based tools (Lo 2023 ; Currie 2023 ; Adeshola and Adepoju 2023 ).”
Evaluation of AI content generation tools for verification of academic integrity in higher education
Saqib, M. B., & Zia, S. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-10-2023-0470 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
GPT-4 in Nuclear Medicine Education: Does It Outperform GPT-3.5?
Currie, G. M. (2023) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.123.266485 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION. A LITERATURE REVIEW
Heredia-Carroza, J., & Stoica, R. (2024) · Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law · doi:10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-09 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Students’ Response to ChatGPT: An Adaptive Technology-To-Performance Model
Zhang, X., Jiang, H., Qiao, Z., & Li, P. (2024) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2024.2386546 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“51 Others mention that ChatGPT produces false answers or fabricates facts.”
Toward Value Scenario Generation Through Large Language Models
Jung, H., Seo, W., Song, S., & Na, S. (2023) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3584931.3606960 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Academic integrity and the use of ChatGPT by EFL pre-service teachers
Khasawneh, M. A. S. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4783 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Contrary to the views of Currie (2023), Kong et al. (2023) and Lo (2023), some contend that the swift progression of AI technology could present humanity with insurmountable hazards and challenges.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Data-Driven Approach for the Identification of Features for Automated Feedback on Academic Essays
Abbas, M., van Rosmalen, P., & Kalz, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3320877 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Ongoing efforts to mitigate these biases remain challenging due to the complexity of identifying and rectifying biased patterns [117].”
BackgroundChatGPT vs pharmacy students in the pharmacotherapy time-limit test: A comparative study in Thailand
Taesotikul, S., Singhan, W., & Taesotikul, T. (2024) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2024.04.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Severin, R., & Gagnon, K. (2025) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/jte.0000000000000381 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Isaifan, R. J., & Hasna, M. O. (2025) · Quality in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13538322.2025.2576326 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Generative AI in higher education in Indonesia: Patterns of use and learning impact
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102672 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Siah, C. J. R., Lim, J. V., Lyu, M. M., Levett-Jones, T. L., & Mattar, I. (2025) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2025.10.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Impact of AI Tools on Education: ChatGPT in Focus
Al-Jahwari, M., & Yousif, M. J. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Development Journal · doi:10.52098/airdj.20244430 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In medical and scientific education, its contribution has been above par-from generating case studies, coding assignments, simplification of theories (Currie, 2023).”
Khan, M. S. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00360-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Ethical considerations come to the forefront, as the use of AI in automated research processes raises questions about the integrity of scholarly work [12, 13, 17].”
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Theranostics
Currie, G. M., & ROHREN, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.125.270251 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEbrahimi, Z., Kotamjani, S. S., Ugli, A. K. A., & Xodabande, I. (2025) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00631-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“These findings reflect broader debates in higher education around generative AI, where the speed and fluency of AI-generated output challenge long-standing assessment models and raise questions about authorship, originality, and fairness [15, 16, 18].”
Alizadeh, H., & Kashani, H. N. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-02-2024-0140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ghostwriting: a reflection of academic dishonesty in the artificial intelligence era.
Padillah, R. (2023) · Journal of public health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad169 · Cited by 11
Kalmus, J.-E., & Nikiforova, A. (2024) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.20130 · Cited by 10
“Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, excels at generating diverse content, thereby offering unprecedented capabilities, however, raising ethical concerns regarding disinformation, accuracy, bias, privacy, and ownership [7, 9, 12, 6].”
BackgroundThe Nuclear Nephrology Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem
Currie, G. M., & ROHREN, E. M. (2025) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.11.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMurch, H. E., Worley, M., & Volk, F. A. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09634-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, there are other potential ethical concerns, such as, generating fake data, citing fabricated references, and perpetuating bias (Bahammam et al., 2023; Ben-ichou, 2023; Currie, 2023).”
Botelho, F. M. N., Tshimula, J. M., & Poenaru, D. (2023) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-023-07167-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zeng, Z., Liu, S., Sha, L., Li, Z., Yang, K., Liu, S., Gasevic, D., & Chen, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2024/835 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“They emphasize that over-reliance on ChatGPT could hinder the development of students’ writing and critical thinking skills [Ma et al. , 2023; Mitchell et al. , 2023] and, in the worst cases, lead to breaches of academic integrity [Currie, 2023; Sun and Hoelscher, 2023].”
BackgroundMemarian, B., & Doleck, T. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04569-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Currie [15] emphasized a lack of multicultural perspectives on the impact of technology, such as AI, on higher education and academic misconduct.”
InfluentialChatGPT in Engineering Teaching & Learning: Student and Faculty Perspective
Lukhmanov, Y., Perveen, A., & Tsakalerou, M. (2025) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016423 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evaluation of ChatGPT research in STEAM education
Prahanı, B., Nisa', K., Suliyanah, S., & Deta, U. A. (2025) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30423 · Cited by 8
Currie, G. M., Hewis, J., Hawk, K. E., & ROHREN, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.124.268332 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDeng, A., Chen, W., Dai, J., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, J., & Rao, M. (2024) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2024.2399673 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Although the emergence of ChatGPT has challenged academic integrity in teaching institutions [3], it still has the potential to be a boon to medical education [4].”
How Supervisors Can Support Doctoral Students to Publish and Not Perish in Academia
Marson, J., & Ferris, K. (2023) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia3040097 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Currie, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Charles Sturt University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Currie, Geoffrey M.
- ORCID
- Currie, Geoffrey M.
- Venue
- Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 719-730
- ISSN
- 0001-2998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4377234252
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 35
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Seminars in Nuclear Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, academic integrity, artificial intelligence, GPT-3.5, large language models, nuclear medicine education, radiology, scientific writing, professional ethics, clinical implementation of AI, artificial intelligence in research
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Nuclear Medicine
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