The role of women in water management and conflict resolution in Marsabit, Kenya.
Abstract
We employed qualitative methods to explore how conflict over water collection and use impacts women, and the role that women play in water management and conflict resolution in Marsabit, Kenya. Conflicts between domestic and livestock water led to insufficient water for domestic use and intra-household conflict. Women's contributions to water management were valued, especially through informal initiatives, though involvement in statutory water management committees was not culturally appropriate. Promoting culturally appropriate ways to involve women in water management, rather than merely increasing the percentage of women on water committee, may reduce conflicts and increase women's access to domestic water supplies.
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In northern Kenya, women were not actively involved in decision-making around water source utilization and their needs were not prioritized.
“In northern Kenya-where women primarily collect water for domestic use and men for livestock-women were not actively involved in decision-making around water source utilization and their needs were not prioritized [61].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Women's collective action has led to funding, demand, construction, repair, and maintenance of water services and latrines.
“Women's collective action has led to funding, demand, construction, repair, and maintenance of water services [56, 61, 73, 78, 89, 91, 125, 129, 163, 165, 168, 169, 193, 296] and latrines [129, 139, 147, 168, 170, 174, 175].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Women have organized to form lending groups to support women-led WASH businesses, provide community education about water safety, monitor open defecation, and respond to sanitation-related harassment.
“Women have organized to form lending groups to support women-led WASH businesses, [66] provide community education about water safety, [56, 61, 73, 78, 89, 91, 125, 129, 163, 165, 168, 169, 193, 296] monitor open defecation, [145] and respond to sanitation-related harassment.[174]”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
All research describing fear or experience of non-partner physical violence focused on sanitation, while all articles focusing on intimate partner physical violence and most focusing on interpersonal conflict focused on water.
“All research describing fear or experience of non-partner physical violence focused on sanitation, while all articles focusing on intimate partner physical violence and most focusing on interpersonal conflict focused on water (_((((xxx))))_)[61, 62, 76, 86, 89, 101, 110, 111, 123, 135, 143, 144, 171, 173-175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 188, 189, 191, 198, 201, 243, 251, 255, 257, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266,”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Women reported spending money to access water sources with shorter wait times or higher quality, or to compensate male neighbors, laborers, or drivers for water collection; water was a major expense for many women.
“Women reported spending money to access water sources with shorter wait times [61,198] or higher quality, [98,198] or to compensate male neighbors, laborers, or drivers for water collection [165,201].Water was a major expense for many women [65,86,111,198,200,292].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs; they leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, jump water queues, get water from private wells, haul water using carts, receive improved home water access, wait on water deliveries, or get
“Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water [57,78,110,115,153,279] and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs.They leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, [61,110,114,164,165,179,198,279] jump water queues, [168, 179] get water from private wells, [279] haul water using”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, where queues were shorter or they had priority access, or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist.
“Men were more likely to collect from closer sources, [20] where queues were shorter [153, 261] or they had priority access, [61] or with assets like bicycles, motorcycles, wheelbarrows, or donkey carts to assist [98,123,153,258].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Normative societal and familial rules and restrictions have defined the boundaries of acceptable water and sanitation-related behaviors for women, including their engagement in the public sphere.
“Normative societal and familial rules and restrictions have defined the boundaries of acceptable water and sanitation-related behaviors for women, including their engagement in the public sphere [61,62,66,87,89, 101-103, 110, 111, 124-126, 130, 140, 174, 177-179, 181, 182, 187-190, 197, 218, 234, 261].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
In Kenya, disputes arose among women competing for water access.
“In Kenya, disputes arose among women competing for water access, and verbal and physical fights erupted when women collecting payments favored women in the queue [61].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Disputes with neighbors at water collection locations were widely reported.
“Regarding inter-household relations, disputes with neighbors at water collection locations were widely reported [61,108,144,165,168,179,189,198,209,258].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
In Kenya, verbal and physical fights erupted when women collecting payments favored women in the queue.
“In Kenya, disputes arose among women competing for water access, and verbal and physical fights erupted when women collecting payments favored women in the queue [61].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
Compromised water and sanitation environments have contributed to women's risk or experience of harassment or physical and sexual violence.
“Illustratively, considerable research shows how compromised water and sanitation environments have contributed to women's risk or experience of harassment or physical and sexual violence; (_((((xxx))))_)[61, 62, 70, 76, 86, 89, 101, 108, 110, 111, 123, 135, 138, 143, 144, 153, 168, 171-175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186-191, 198, 199, 201, 214, 217, 226, 231, 233, 238-240, 243, 251, 255, 257-266, 268-270”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
During periods of water scarcity, women and girls struggle to fulfill their sociocultural obligations regarding house-keeping.
“Thus, during periods of water scarcity, women and girls struggle to fulfill their sociocultural obligations regarding house-keeping [4,5].”
From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Yerian, S., Hennink, M., Greene, L. E., Kiptugen, D., Buri, J., & Freeman, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Matthew C.
- Venue
- Environmental Management
- Published
- 2014-08-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1320-1330
- ISSN
- 0364-152X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1009
- OpenAlex
- W1987190958
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Transboundary Water Resource Management
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- women in water management, water conflicts, conflict resolution, household water use, livestock water access, gender and water, water management committees, cultural appropriateness, Marsabit
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Decision Making, Developing Countries, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Kenya, Male, Social Behavior, Water Supply, Women, Negotiating, Advisory Committees, Livestock
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