Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity
Open accessAbstract
Vaccines are among the most impactful public health interventions, preventing millions of new infections and deaths annually worldwide. However, emerging data suggest that vaccines may not protect all populations equally. Specifically, studies analyzing variation in vaccine-induced immunity have pointed to the critical impact of genetics, the environment, nutrition, the microbiome, and sex in influencing vaccine responsiveness. The significant contribution of sex to modulating vaccine-induced immunity has gained attention over the last years. Specifically, females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse events following vaccination than males. This enhanced immune reactogenicity among females is thought to render females more resistant to infectious diseases, but conversely also contribute to higher incidence of autoimmunity among women. Dissection of mechanisms which underlie sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity has implicated hormonal, genetic, and microbiota differences across males and females. This review will highlight the importance of sex-dependent differences in vaccine-induced immunity and specifically will address the role of sex as a modulator of humoral immunity, key to long-term pathogen-specific protection.
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The higher incidence of ADRs among females than males is inconsistent with the results of previous studies on sex differences.
“This is inconsistent with the results of previous studies on sex differences.9”
From A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Prilutsky, D., Kho, A. T., Feiglin, A., Hammond, T., Stevens, B., & Kohane, I. S. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/204412 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Association of HCMV specific IgG subclass antibody levels with gender and age
Simon, B., Kundi, M., & Puchhammer‐Stöckl, E. (2013) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rastawicki, W., Śmietańska, K., Rokosz, N., et al. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AB0256 Sex difference in response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Khan, A. B., & Leak, A. M. (2012) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.256 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
OP0037 Denosumab discontinuation and associated fracture incidence: Analysis from the freedom trial
Törring, O., Brown, J. P., Jensen, J. B., et al. (2012) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1720 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Huang, Z., Chen, B., Liu, X., Li, H., Xie, L., Gao, Y., Duan, R., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Zheng, Y., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023216118 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Rechlin, R. K., Splinter, T. F. L., Hodges, T. E., Albert, A. Y., & Galea, L. A. M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29903-3 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines
Cai, C., Peng, Y., Shen, E., Huang, Q., Chen, Y., Liu, P., Guo, C., Feng, Z., Gao, L., Zhang, X., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.08.001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Persist for up to 13 Months and Reduce Risk of Reinfection
Gallais, F., Gantner, P., Bruel, T., Velay, A., Planas, D., Wendling, M.-J., Bayer, S., Solis, M., Laugel, E., Reix, N., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.21256823 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fischinger, S., Boudreau, C. M., Butler, A. L., Streeck, H., & Alter, G.
- Affiliations
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (US)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Alter, Galit
- Venue
- Seminars in Immunopathology
- Published
- 2018-12-13
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-249
- ISSN
- 1863-2297 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2300
- PMC
- PMC6373179
- OpenAlex
- W2905444998
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Seminars in Immunopathology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- sex differences, vaccine-induced immunity, humoral immunity, antibody response, vaccine adverse events, vaccine response, sex hormones, microbiota, vaccine inequity
- MeSH terms
- Antibody Formation, Autoimmune Diseases, Female, Humans, Infections, Male, Sex Characteristics, Vaccination, Vaccines, Incidence, Infection Control, Immunity, Humoral, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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