CT in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of chest CT findings in 4410 adult patients
Open accessAbstract
Objective The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the key imaging manifestations of COVID-19 on chest CT in adult patients by providing a comprehensive review of the published literature.Methods We performed a systematic literature search from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and WHO databases for studies mentioning the chest CT imaging findings of adult COVID-19 patients.Results A total of 45 studies comprising 4410 patients were included. Ground glass opacities (GGO), in isolation (50.2%) or coexisting with consolidations (44.2%), were the most common lesions. Distribution of GGOs was most commonly bilateral, peripheral/subpleural, and posterior with predilection for lower lobes. Common ancillary findings included pulmonary vascular enlargement (64%), intralobular septal thickening (60%), adjacent pleural thickening (41.7%), air bronchograms (41.2%), subpleural lines, crazy paving, bronchus distortion, bronchiectasis, and interlobular septal thickening. CT in early follow-up period generally showed an increase in size, number, and density of GGOs, with progression into mixed areas of GGOs plus consolidations and crazy paving, peaking at 10-11 days, before gradually resolving or persisting as patchy fibrosis. While younger adults more commonly had GGOs, extensive/multilobar involvement with consolidations was prevalent in the older population and those with severe disease.Conclusion This review describes the imaging features for diagnosis, stratification, and follow-up of COVID-19 patients. The most common CT manifestations are bilateral, peripheral/subpleural, posterior GGOs with or without consolidations with a lower lobe predominance. It is pertinent to be familiar with the various imaging findings to positively impact the management of these patients.Key points • Ground glass opacities (GGOs), whether isolated or coexisting with consolidations, in bilateral and subpleural distribution, are the most prevalent chest CT findings in adult COVID-19 patients. • Follow-up CT shows a progression of GGOs into a mixed pattern, reaching a peak at 10-11 days, before gradually resolving or persisting as patchy fibrosis. • Younger people tend to have more GGOs. Older or sicker people tend to have more extensive involvement with consolidations.
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A systematic review of 45 studies of chest computed tomography images of patients with COVID-19 demonstrated pulmonary fibrosis in 17% of patients, which was attributed to impaired healing after viral infection of lung AT2 cells.
“A systematic review of 45 studies of chest computed tomography images of patients with COVID-19 demonstrated pulmonary fibrosis in 17% of patients, which was attributed to impaired healing after viral infection of lung AT2 cells (53).”
From Lung epithelial and endothelial damage, loss of tissue repair, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and cellular senescence in fatal COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Ojha, V., Mani, A., Pandey, N. N., Sharma, S., & Kumar, S.
- Affiliations
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Sanjeev
- Venue
- European Radiology
- Published
- 2020-05-30
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 6129-6138
- ISSN
- 0938-7994 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1084
- PMC
- PMC7261039
- OpenAlex
- W3030243311
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › COVID-19 diagnosis using AI
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, chest CT findings, ground-glass opacities, lung consolidation, crazy-paving pattern, pulmonary fibrosis, disease severity, age differences, follow-up imaging, interlobular septal thickening
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Progression, Young Adult, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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