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Magnetic orientation and magnetoreception in birds and other animals
Abstract
Animals use the geomagnetic field in many ways: the magnetic vector provides a compass; magnetic intensity and/or inclination play a role as a component of the navigational 'map', and magnetic conditions of certain regions act as 'sign posts' or triggers, eliciting specific responses. A magnetic compass is widespread among animals, magnetic navigation is indicated e.g. in birds, marine turtles and spiny lobsters and the use of magnetic 'sign posts' has been described for birds and marine turtles. For magnetoreception, two hypotheses are currently discussed, one proposing a chemical compass based on a radical pair mechanism, the other postulating processes involving magnetite particles. The available evidence suggests that birds use both mechanisms, with the radical pair mechanism in the right eye providing directional information and a magnetite-based mechanism in the upper beak providing information on position as component of the 'map'. Behavioral data from other animals indicate a light-dependent compass probably based on a radical pair mechanism in amphibians and a possibly magnetite-based mechanism in mammals. Histological and electrophysiological data suggest a magnetite-based mechanism in the nasal cavities of salmonid fish. Little is known about the parts of the brain where the respective information is processed.
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“The field of neurophysics already attests to the fact that the study of the brain borrows from ideas across the spectrum of physics: electricity and magnetism, mechanics, thermo-dynamics, optics 15 .”
From Quantum effects in the brain: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“It is the singlet -triplet mixing that experiences the influence of the Earth's magnetic field and that has offered some way of explaining behavioural observations such as the light-dependence [94], inclination aspect [95] and resonance effects of the avian compass [96,97].”
From The future of quantum biology (2018) · cites this paper as [95]
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“…(i) it is not light-dependent like that of birds, and (ii) it is a ‘polarity compass’ distinguishing between magnetic North and South and not an ‘inclination compass’ like the avian compass that detects only the axis of the magnetic field lines (see Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1995, 2005 for details).”
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“In all non-mammalian vertebrates tested to date, the inclination of the magnetic field is used to determine the direction of the field (Phillips & Borland 1994; Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1996, 2005; Walker et al. 2002).”
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“Results of a variety of behavioral experiments have shown that many animals can use the earth’s magnetic field for orientation (Johnsen and Lohmann, 2005; Mouritsen and Ritz, 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundMagnetic compass orientation in C57BL/6J mice
Muheim, R., Edgar, N. M., Sloan, K. A., & Phillips, J. B. (2006) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03193201 · Cited by 87
Everaert, J., & Bauwens, D. (2007) · Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1080/15368370701205693 · Cited by 85
“The available evidence concerning magnetoreception suggests that birds use a radical pair mechanism for a chemical compass, and a mechanism based on magnetite particles (Mouritsen and Ritz, 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundCellular autofluorescence is magnetic field sensitive
Ikeya, N., & Woodward, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018043118 · Cited by 79
“Epidemiological studies have identified potentially harmful effects on human health (1) [in particular, a nonvanishing association between environmental electromagnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia (2–4)], and behavioral biological studies have examined animal magnetoreception, in which a wide range of animal…”
BackgroundMagnetosensitive E‐Skins for Interactive Devices
Bermúdez, G. S. C., & Makarov, D. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202007788 · Cited by 82
The Cognitive Ecology of Animal Movement: Evidence From Birds and Mammals
Kashetsky, T., Avgar, T., & Dukas, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.724887 · Cited by 83
Magnetic Polarity Transitions and Biospheric Effects
Glaßmeier, K., & Vogt, J. (2010) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9659-6 · Cited by 78
Quantum effects in the brain: A review
Adams, B., & Petruccione, F. (2020) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/1.5135170 · Cited by 80
Magnetic Strategies for Nervous System Control
Christiansen, M. G., Senko, A. W., & Anikeeva, P. (2019) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241 · Cited by 79
Sensing Magnetic Directions in Birds: Radical Pair Processes Involving Cryptochrome
Wiltschko, R., & Wiltschko, W. (2014) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios4030221 · Cited by 76
Self-citationCryptochrome-dependent magnetic field effect on seizure response in Drosophila larvae
Marley, R., Giachello, C. N., Scrutton, N. S., Baines, R., & Jones, A. R. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05799 · Cited by 73
Pinzon-Rodriguez, A., Bensch, S., & Muheim, R. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0058 · Cited by 75
A review on stretchable magnetic field sensorics
Melzer, M., Makarov, D., & Schmidt, O. G. (2019) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab52cf · Cited by 72
Magnetic field effects in flavoproteins and related systems
Evans, E. W., Dodson, C. A., Maeda, K., Biskup, T., Wedge, C. J., & Timmel, C. R. (2013) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2013.0037 · Cited by 69
Wild Orangutan Males Plan and Communicate Their Travel Direction One Day in Advance
van Schaik, C. P., Damerius, L., & Isler, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074896 · Cited by 68
“The position of the sun, a mental map, or yet undiscovered magnetic orientation abilities [41] may all help the male to find its way in the flat-canopied swamp forest, where orienting on distant landmarks is difficult, especially since male spend most of their time well below the top canopy.”
BackgroundElectro-mechanical effects in liquid crystals
Jákli, A. I. (2010) · Liquid Crystals · doi:10.1080/02678291003784081 · Cited by 69
Unraveling navigational strategies in migratory insects
Merlin, C., Heinze, S., & Reppert, S. M. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.11.009 · Cited by 71
“Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2011, 22:1–9 While there is behavioral evidence for magnetoreception in a wide range of organisms, including migratory and nonmigratory vertebrate and invertebrate species [40,45], the use of a magnetic sense for navigation in migratory insects remains unclear.”
Modelling swimming aquatic animals in hydrodynamic models
Willis, J. K. (2011) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.10.004 · Cited by 68
Avian magnetite-based magnetoreception: a physiologist's perspective
Cadiou, H., & McNaughton, P. A. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0423.focus · Cited by 71
Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management
Elmer, L. K., Madliger, C. L., Blumstein, D. T., Elvidge, C. K., Fernández‐Juricic, E., Horodysky, A. Z., Johnson, N. S., McGuire, L. P., Swaisgood, R. R., & Cooke, S. J. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab002 · Cited by 66
“Magnetoreception is the ability to sense the earth’s magnetic field, but is not as well understood as other sensory modalities (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005; Lohmann et al., 2007; Gould, 2010; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2012; Mouritsen, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialTwo Different Types of Light-Dependent Responses to Magnetic Fields in Birds
Wiltschko, R., Ritz, T., Stapput, K., Thalau, P., & Wiltschko, W. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.037 · Cited by 66
“Magnetoreception is a highly complex issue, with different magnetoreception mechanisms indicated in different animal groups [ 36 ].”
Self-citationHow the Geomagnetic Field Influences Life on Earth – An Integrated Approach to Geomagnetobiology
Erdmann, W., Kmita, H., Kosicki, J. Z., & Kaczmarek, L. D. (2021) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-021-09612-5 · Cited by 66
“Since then, this ability has been confirmed to be present in Platyhelminthes, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and all groups of vertebrates (Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005; Johnsen and Lohmann 2008; Wajnberg et al.”
BackgroundEssential elements of radical pair magnetosensitivity in Drosophila
Bradlaugh, A. A., Fedele, G., Munro, A. L., Hansen, C. N., Hares, J. M., Patel, S., Kyriacou, C. P., Jones, A. R., Rosato, E., & Baines, R. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05735-z · Cited by 67
Magnetoreception in microorganisms and fungi
Pazur, A., Schimek, C., & Galland, P. (2007) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.2478/s11535-007-0032-z · Cited by 65
“The magnetoorientation of magnetotactic bacteria [8], as well as that of migrating birds and insects, belongs to the best understood and most intensely studied phenomena of magnetoreception [6, 9, 10].”
BackgroundLevitt, B. B., Lai, H. C., & Manville, A. M. (2021) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2021-0050 · Cited by 68
Formicki, K., Korzelecka-Orkisz, A., & Tański, A. (2019) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13998 · Cited by 63
Magnetic navigation behavior and the oceanic ecology of young loggerhead sea turtles
Putman, N. F., Verley, P., Endres, C. S., & Lohmann, K. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.109975 · Cited by 62
Moretti, J., & Rodger, J. (2022) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100033 · Cited by 60
“, 2021) – is thought to activate cryptochromes in the retinas of migratory birds to act as a magnetic compass (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialNew Vision for Visual Prostheses
Farnum, A., & Pelled, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00036 · Cited by 58
“Several organisms including birds (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), fish (Quinn, 1980) and bacteria (Fassbinder et al., 1990), are known to rely on the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation and detection of prey and predators.”
BackgroundOrientation and navigation in bats: known unknowns or unknown unknowns?
Holland, R. A. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0297-7 · Cited by 61
“It should be noted that in birds, the magnetic compass appears to be light-dependent and based on the inclination angle, whereas for all mammals so far studied, the compass is based on the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field, but whether this is light-dependent is not known (Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005).”
BackgroundMuehsam, D. J., & Ventura, C. (2014) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.008 · Cited by 71
Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome
Giachello, C. N., Scrutton, N. S., Jones, A. R., & Baines, R. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2140-16.2016 · Cited by 58
“Experimental evidence, mainly derived from behavioral assays, supports the existence of magnetoreceptors, not only in migrating animals (e.g., species of birds, marine turtles and lobsters; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), but also in simpler organisms that do not migrate but are easier to investigate, including the fr…”
BackgroundLeeney, R. H., Greaves, D. M., Conley, D., & O’Hagan, A. M. (2014) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.025 · Cited by 60
Biological Water Dynamics and Entropy: A Biophysical Origin of Cancer and Other Diseases
Davidson, R. M., Lauritzen, A., & Seneff, S. (2013) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e15093822 · Cited by 58
“With the help of SQUIDs, researchers have been able to gain insight into how migrating animals navigate [5] and how pulsed electromagnetic therapy can help heal broken bones [3].”
Albert, L., Deschamps, F., Jolivet, A., Olivier, F., Laurent Chauvaud, A., & Chauvaud, S. (2020) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104958 · Cited by 59
“Many 2 living organisms, such as bacteria, birds, amphibians, insects, reptiles, mammals, and fish, 3 are electroreceptive or magneto-sensitive species that can detect these fields (Wiltschko, 4 1995; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundDesert Ants Learn Vibration and Magnetic Landmarks
Buehlmann, C., Hansson, B. S., & Knaden, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033117 · Cited by 59
“for sea turtles, birds, and spiny lobsters [26,27].”
BackgroundInsight into shark magnetic field perception from empirical observations
Anderson, J. M., Clegg, T. M., de Queiroz-Véras, L. V. M. V., & Holland, K. N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11459-8 · Cited by 59
Gagliardo, A., Ioalè, P., Savini, M., & Wild, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.031864 · Cited by 58
“Although it is a common opinion that geomagnetic compass orientation is mediated by the cryptochromes of the retina (Ritz et al., 2000; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), a possible involvement of the trigeminal system in determining a magnetic directional reference has not been experimentally…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wiltschko, W., & Wiltschko, R.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wiltschko, Wolfgang
- ORCID
- Wiltschko, Roswitha
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Physiology A
- Published
- 2005-05-11
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 675-693
- ISSN
- 0340-7594 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1351
- OpenAlex
- W2079500075
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Comparative Physiology A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Keywords
- magnetoreception, geomagnetic field, magnetic compass, magnetic navigation, birds, sea turtles, spiny lobster, radical pair mechanism, magnetite, magnetic maps, amphibians, salmonids, nasal cavity, animal orientation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Magnetics, Orientation, Animal Migration
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