Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines
Open accessAbstract
The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program issued an evidence-based set of guidelines on cholesterol management in 2001. Since the publication of ATP III, 5 major clinical trials of statin therapy with clinical end points have been published. These trials addressed issues that were not examined in previous clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering therapy. The present document reviews the results of these recent trials and assesses their implications for cholesterol management. Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) remain an essential modality in clinical management. The trials confirm the benefit of cholesterol-lowering therapy in high-risk patients and support the ATP III treatment goal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <100 mg/dL. They support the inclusion of patients with diabetes in the high-risk category and confirm the benefits of LDL-lowering therapy in these patients. They further confirm that older persons benefit from therapeutic lowering of LDL-C. The major recommendations for modifications to footnote the ATP III treatment algorithm are the following. In high-risk persons, the recommended LDL-C goal is <100 mg/dL, but when risk is very high, an LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is a therapeutic option, ie, a reasonable clinical strategy, on the basis of available clinical trial evidence. This therapeutic option extends also to patients at very high risk who have a baseline LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. Moreover, when a high-risk patient has high triglycerides or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), consideration can be given to combining a fibrate or nicotinic acid with an LDL-lowering drug. For moderately high-risk persons (2+ risk factors and 10-year risk 10% to 20%), the recommended LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL, but an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option on the basis of recent trial evidence. The latter option extends also to moderately high-risk persons with a baseline LDL-C of 100 to 129 mg/dL. When LDL-lowering drug therapy is employed in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is advised that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve at least a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels. Moreover, any person at high risk or moderately high risk who has lifestyle-related risk factors (eg, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL-C, or metabolic syndrome) is a candidate for TLC to modify these risk factors regardless of LDL-C level. Finally, for people in lower-risk categories, recent clinical trials do not modify the goals and cutpoints of therapy.
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The study's results extend earlier evidence for intensive lipid lowering and ezetimibe in diabetes and acute coronary syndrome, and agree with recent guidelines that lowered LDL cholesterol targets.
“Our findings build upon previous evidence supporting the use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy and ezetimibe in patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome, and are aligned with the recent updating of some clinical guidelines”
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- Authors
- Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Bairey Merz, C. N., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J.
- Affiliations
- American College of Cardiology (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 720-732
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4240735590
- Cited by
- 1,550
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 120
- FWCI
- 66.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- American College of Cardiology Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- Adult Treatment Panel III, LDL cholesterol targets, statin therapy, cholesterol-lowering therapy, diabetes mellitus, older adults, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, nicotinic acid, therapeutic lifestyle changes, cardiovascular risk stratification, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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