An updated histological classification system for multiple sclerosis lesions
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex and heterogeneous, most likely autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although a number of histological classification systems for CNS lesions have been used by different groups in recent years, no uniform classification exists. In this paper, we propose a simple and unifying classification of MS lesions incorporating many elements of earlier histological systems that aims to provide guidelines for neuropathologists and researchers studying MS lesions to allow for better comparison of different studies performed with MS tissue, and to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. Based on the presence/absence and distribution of macrophages/microglia (inflammatory activity) and the presence/absence of ongoing demyelination (demyelinating activity), we suggest differentiating between active, mixed active/inactive, and inactive lesions with or without ongoing demyelination. Active lesions are characterized by macrophages/microglia throughout the lesion area, whereas mixed active/inactive lesions have a hypocellular lesion center with macrophages/microglia limited to the lesion border. Inactive lesions are almost completely lacking macrophages/microglia. Active and mixed active/inactive lesions can be further subdivided into lesions with ongoing myelin destruction (demyelinating lesions) and lesions in which the destruction of myelin has ceased, but macrophages are still present (post-demyelinating lesions). This distinction is based on the presence or absence of myelin degradation products within the cytoplasm of macrophages/microglia. For this classification of MS lesions, identification of myelin with histological stains [such as luxol fast blue-PAS] or by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against myelin basic-protein (MBP) or proteolipid-protein (PLP), as well as, detection of macrophages/microglia by, e.g., anti-CD68 is sufficient. Active and demyelinating lesions may be further subdivided into the early and late demyelinating lesions. The former is defined by the presence in macrophages of major and small molecular weight myelin proteins, such as cyclic nucleotide diphosphoesterase (CNP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), or myelin-associated protein (MAG), whereas macrophages in the latter demonstrate merely the presence of the major myelin proteins MBP or PLP. We discuss the histological features and staining techniques required to classify MS lesions, and, in addition, describe the histological hallmarks of cortical pathology and diffuse white matter changes, as well as of remyelination.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Monocytes are recruited to plaques in MS and have long been considered to play a pathological role in EAE.
“Monocytes are recruited to plaques in MS [193] (Fig. 1j-l) and have long been considered to play a pathological role in EAE.”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
Neuroinflammation is present in all stages of MS, and a proposed classification of MS lesions relies in part on the presence or absence of microglia.
“Neuroinflammation is present in all stages of MS, and a proposed classification of MS lesions relies in part on the presence or absence of microglia in the lesions66.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
Cites
Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
Trapp, B. D., Peterson, J., Ransohoff, R. M., Rudick, R., Mörk, S., & Bö, L. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801293380502 · Cited by 4,029 · see citing works
Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia
Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Moore, C. S., Cialic, R., Lanser, A. J., Gabriely, G., Koeglsperger, T., Dake, B., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3599 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunopathology of multiple sclerosis
Dendrou, C. A., Fugger, L., & Friese, M. A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3871 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis
Kutzelnigg, A., Lucchinetti, C. F., Stadelmann, C., Brück, W., Rauschka, H., Bergmann, M., Schmidbauer, M., Parisi, J. E., & Lassmann, H. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh641 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
Frischer, J. M., Bramow, S., Dal-Bianco, A., Lucchinetti, C. F., Rauschka, H., Schmidbauer, M., Laursen, H., Sorensen, P. S., & Lassmann, H. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp070 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterson, J. W., Bö, L., Mörk, S., Chang, A., & Trapp, B. D. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1123 · Cited by 1,403 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lucchinetti and colleagues have shown extensive cortical inflammatory T-cell infiltrates in early MS lesions (9), however, especially in patients in the progressive disease phase, inflammatory activity in cortical lesions (especially T cells) is, in general, lower than in the adjacent white matter lesions [6, 10, 45].”
BackgroundRelapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: Pathology of the newly forming lesion
Barnett, M. H., & Prineas, J. W. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20016 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
The Immunopathology of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview
Lassmann, H., Brück, W., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Self-citationPathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis
Mahad, D., Trapp, B. D., & Lassmann, H. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70256-x · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Self-citationKuhlmann, T., Miron, V., Cuo, Q., Wegner, C., Antel, J., & Bruck, W. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn096 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system
Yamasaki, R., Lu, H., Butovsky, O., Ohno, N., Rietsch, A. M., Cialic, R., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., Lin, J., Cotleur, A. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20132477 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients
Patrikios, P., Stadelmann, C., Kutzelnigg, A., Rauschka, H., Schmidbauer, M., Laursen, H., Sorensen, P. S., Bruck, W., Lucchinetti, C., & Lassmann, H. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl217 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Self-citationSubpial Demyelination in the Cerebral Cortex of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Bø, L., Vedeler, C. A., Nyland, H. I., Trapp, B. D., & Mørk, S. J. (2003) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/62.7.723 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Frischer, J. M., Weigand, S. D., Guo, Y., Kale, N., Parisi, J. E., Pirko, I., Mandrekar, J., Bramow, S., Metz, I., Brück, W., et al. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24497 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple sclerosis: Remyelination of nascent lesions: Remyelination of nascent lesions
Prineas, J. W., Barnard, R. O., Kwon, E. E., Sharer, L. R., & Cho, E. ‐. (1993) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410330203 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
Davie, C. A., Hawkins, C. P., Barker, G. J., Brennan, A., Tofts, P. S., Miller, D. H., & McDonald, W. I. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.49 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions
Brück, W., Porada, P., Poser, S., Rieckmann, P., Hanefeld, F., Kretzschmarch, H. A., & Lassmann, H. (1995) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410380514 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationIron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain
Hametner, S., Wimmer, I., Haider, L., Pfeifenbring, S., Brück, W., & Lassmann, H. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23974 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Self-citationMajor differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Thompson, A. J., Kermode, A. G., Wicks, D., MacManus, D. G., Kendall, B. E., Kingsley, D. P. E., & McDonald, W. I. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410290111 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration
Bø, L., Vedeler, C. A., Nyland, H., Trapp, B. D., & Mørk, S. J. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms917oa · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis
Prineas, J. W., & Connell, F. (1979) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410050105 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Immunopathology of secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis
Prineas, J. W., Kwon, E. E., Cho, E., Sharer, L. R., Barnett, M. H., Oleszak, E. L., Hoffman, B. E., & Morgan, B. P. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1255 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis
Piaton, G., Williams, A., Seilhean, D., & Lubetzki, C. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17530-1 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis
Calabrese, M., Magliozzi, R., Ciccarelli, O., Geurts, J. J. G., Reynolds, R., & Martin, R. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3900 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity
Goldschmidt, T., Antel, J., König, F. B., Brück, W., & Kuhlmann, T. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a8260a · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationFilippi, M., Rocca, M. A., Martino, G., Horsfield, M. A., & Comi, G. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410430616 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Harris, J. O., Frank, J., Patronas, N., Mcfarlin, D. E., & McFarland, H. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410290515 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Ludwin, S. K. (2000) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1052-5149(25)00665-3 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationDemyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis
Bramow, S., Frischer, J. M., Lassmann, H., Koch‐Henriksen, N., Lucchinetti, C. F., Sørensen, P. S., & Laursen, H. B. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq250 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationRemyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course
Patani, R., Balaratnam, M. S., Vora, A., & Reynolds, R. (2007) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00805.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Extensive cortical remyelination in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis
Albert, M., Antel, J., Brück, W., & Stadelmann, C. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00043.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationDisease-specific molecular events in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions
Fischer, M. T., Wimmer, I., Höftberger, R., Gerlach, S., Haider, L., Zrzavy, T., Hametner, S., Mahad, D., Binder, C. J., Krumbholz, M., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt110 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationStaging of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions: pathology of the time frame of MS
van der Valk, P., & Groot, C. J. A. D. (2000) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.00217.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Lesion genesis in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis: a role for innate immunity?
Marik, C., Felts, P. A., Bauer, J., Lassmann, H., & Smith, K. J. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm236 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationGroot, C. J. A. D. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.8.1635 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Macrophage subsets and microglia in multiple sclerosis
Bogie, J. F. J., Stinissen, P., & Hendriks, J. J. A. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1310-2 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Bö, L., Mørk, S. J., Kong, P. A., Nyland, H., Pardo, C. A., & Trapp, B. D. (1994) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(94)90075-2 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Lassmann, H., Raine, C. S., Antel, J. P., & Prineas, J. W. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00031-9 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis
Reynolds, R., Roncaroli, F., Nicholas, R., Radotra, B., Gveric, D., & Howell, O. (2011) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0840-0 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
P2Y12 expression and function in alternatively activated human microglia
Moore, C. S., Ase, A. R., Kinsara, A., Rao, V. T. S., Michell-Robinson, M., Leong, S. Y., Butovsky, O., Ludwin, S. K., Séguéla, P., Bar-Or, A., et al. (2015) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000080 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroglial nodules in early multiple sclerosis white matter are associated with degenerating axons
Singh, S., Metz, I., Amor, S., van der Valk, P., Stadelmann, C., & Brück, W. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1082-0 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Horssen, J., Singh, S., van der Pol, S. M. A., Kipp, M., Lim, J. L., Peferoen, L. A. N., Gerritsen, W. H., Kooi, E., Witte, M. E., Geurts, J. J. G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-156 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Brink, B. P., Veerhuis, R., Breij, E. C. W., van der Valk, P., Dijkstra, C. D., & Bö, L. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/64.2.147 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Buss, A. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh001 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Continual Breakdown and Regeneration of Myelin in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Plaquesa
Prineas, J. W., Kwon, E. E., Cho, E.-S., & Sharer, L. R. (1984) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14773.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Wallerian Degeneration: A Major Component of Early Axonal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis
Dziedzic, T., Metz, I., Dallenga, T. K., König, F. B., Müller, S., Stadelmann, C., & Brück, W. (2010) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00401.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationOligodendrocyte and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions
Mews, I., Bergmann, M., Bunkowski, S., Gullotta, F., & Brück, W. (1998) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245859800400203 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationAlvarez, J. I., Saint-Laurent, O., Godschalk, A., Terouz, S., Briels, C., Larouche, S., Bourbonnière, L., Larochelle, C., & Prat, A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.016 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationThe formation of inflammatory demyelinated lesions in cerebral white matter
Maggi, P., Macri, S. M. C., Gaitán, M. I., Leibovitch, E., Wholer, J. E., Knight, H. L., Ellis, M., Wu, T., Silva, A. C., Massacesi, L., et al. (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24242 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Late motor decline after accomplished remyelination: Impact for progressive multiple sclerosis
Manrique‐Hoyos, N., Jürgens, T., Grønborg, M., Kreutzfeldt, M., Schedensack, M., Kuhlmann, T., Schrick, C., Brück, W., Urlaub, H., Simons, M., et al. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22681 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationKuhlmann, T., Remington, L. T., Maruschak, B., Owens, T., & Brück, W. (2007) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000248559.83573.71 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Relating Human Pathology to Experimental Studies
Ludwin, S. (2006) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000225024.12074.80 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationHöftberger, R., Fink, S., Aboul‐Enein, F., Botond, G., Olah, J., Berki, T., Ovadi, J., Lassmann, H., Budka, H., & Kovacs, G. G. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21054 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical demyelination in PML and MS
Moll, N., Rietsch, A., Ransohoff, A., Cossoy, M., Huang, D.-R., Eichler, F., Trapp, B. D., & Ransohoff, R. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000284601.54436.e4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Determination of the sequential degradation of myelin proteins by macrophages
van der Goes, A., Boorsma, W., Hoekstra, K., Montagne, L., Groot, C. J. A. D., & Dijkstra, C. D. (2005) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Direct MRI detection of impending plaque development in multiple sclerosis
Absinta, M., Nair, G., Sati, P., Cortese, I. C. M., Filippi, M., & Reich, D. S. (2015) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000145 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Characterizing contrast-enhancing and re-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis
Campbell, Z. M., Sahm, D., Donohue, K. E., Jamison, J., Davis, M. D., Pellicano, C., Auh, S., Ohayon, J. M., Frank, J. A., Richert, N. D., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182553bd2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Oligodendrocyte and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions
Mews, I., Bergmann, M., Bunkowski, S., et al. (1998) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/135245898678919582 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sperfeld (1999) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199911)46:5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive mutiple sclerosis: a position paper.
(2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microglia in neurodegeneration
Hickman, S., Izzy, S., Sen, P., Morsett, L., & El Khoury, J. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0242-x · Cited by 1,710 · see citing works
A lymphocyte–microglia–astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis
Absinta, M., Maric, D., Gharagozloo, M., Garton, T., Smith, M. D., Jin, J., Fitzgerald, K. C., Song, A., Liu, P., Lin, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03892-7 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology
Stadelmann, C., Timmler, S., Barrantes‐Freer, A., & Simons, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2018 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Pathogenic Mechanisms Associated With Different Clinical Courses of Multiple Sclerosis
Lassmann, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03116 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines
Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., Banwell, B., Barkhof, F., Ciccarelli, O., Stefano, N. D., Geurts, J. J. G., Paul, F., Reich, D. S., Toosy, A., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz144 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Machado-Santos, J., Saji, E., Tröscher, A. R., Paunovic, M., Liblau, R., Gabriely, G., Bien, C. G., Bauer, J., & Lassmann, H. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy151 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions With Disability In Vivo
Absinta, M., Sati, P., Masuzzo, F., Nair, G., Sethi, V., Kolb, H., Ohayon, J., Wu, T., Cortese, I. C. M., & Reich, D. S. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2399 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
McKenzie, B., Mamik, M. K., Saito, L. B., Boghozian, R., Monaco, M. C., Major, E. O., Lu, J., Branton, W. G., & Power, C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722041115 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
MAFG-driven astrocytes promote CNS inflammation
Wheeler, M. A., Clark, I. C., Tjon, E. C., Li, Z., Zandee, S. E. J., Couturier, C. P., Watson, B. R., Scalisi, G., Alkwai, S., Rothhammer, V., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1999-0 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationThe immunology of multiple sclerosis
Attfield, K. E., Jensen, L. T., Kaufmann, M., Friese, M. A., & Fugger, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Höftberger, R., Guo, Y. X., Flanagan, E. P., Lopez-Chiriboga, A. S., Endmayr, V., Hochmeister, S., Joldic, D., Pittock, S. J., Tillema, J. M., Gorman, M., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02132-y · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
Ponath, G. D., Park, C., & Pitt, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00217 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Luchetti, S., Fransen, N. L., van Eden, C. G., Ramaglia, V., Mason, M., & Huitinga, I. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1818-y · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases
Shi, F., & Yong, V. W. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adx0043 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Microglia facilitate repair of demyelinated lesions via post-squalene sterol synthesis
Berghoff, S. A., Spieth, L., Sun, T., Hosang, L., Schlaphoff, L., Depp, C., Düking, T., Winchenbach, J., Neuber, J., Ewers, D., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00757-6 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Chu, F., Shi, M., Zheng, C., Shen, D., Zhu, J., Zheng, X., & Cui, L. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.015 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Barcoded viral tracing of single-cell interactions in central nervous system inflammation
Clark, I. C., Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C., Wheeler, M. A., Li, Z., Rothhammer, V., Linnerbauer, M., Sanmarco, L. M., Guo, L., Blain, M., Zandee, S. E. J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf1230 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes
Dubbelaar, M. L., Kracht, L., Eggen, B. J. L., & Boddeke, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01753 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis
Filippi, M., Brück, W., Chard, D., Fazekas, F., Geurts, J. J. G., Enzinger, C., Hametner, S., Kuhlmann, T., Preziosa, P., Rovira, À., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30451-4 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental control of astrocyte pathogenic activities in CNS inflammation
Wheeler, M. A., Jaronen, M., Covacu, R., Zandee, S. E. J., Scalisi, G., Rothhammer, V., Tjon, E. C., Chao, C., Kenison, J. E., Blain, M., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.012 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationFard, M. K., van der Meer, F., Sánchez, P., Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Mandad, S., Jäkel, S., Fornasiero, E. F., Schmitt, S., Ehrlich, M., Starost, L., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7816 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“In addition, as of yet, no marker for actively ongoing remyelination exists, and consequently, it has thus far not been possible to determine when new myelin sheaths are reformed in MS (33).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBhargava, P., Smith, M. D., Mische, L., Harrington, E., Fitzgerald, K. C., Martin, K. A., Kim, S., Reyes, A. A., Cardona, J. G., Volsko, C. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci129401 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Molecular biomarkers in multiple sclerosis
Ziemssen, T., Akgün, K., & Brück, W. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1674-2 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationCan We Design a Nogo Receptor-Dependent Cellular Therapy to Target MS?
Kim, M. J., Kang, J. H., Theotokis, P., Grigoriadis, N., & Petratos, S. (2018) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8010001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Elliott, C., Wolinsky, J. S., Hauser, S. L., Kappos, L., Barkhof, F., Bernasconi, C., Wei, W., Belachew, S., & Arnold, D. L. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518814117 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
Spiteri, A. G., Wishart, C. L., Pamphlett, R., Locatelli, G., & King, N. J. C. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Monocytes are recruited to plaques in MS [193] (Fig.”
BackgroundMicroglia in multiple sclerosis: Friend or foe
Guerrero, B. L., & Sicotte, N. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00374 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement
Bagnato, F. R., Sati, P., Hemond, C. C., Elliott, C., Gauthier, S. A., Harrison, D. M., Mainero, C., Oh, J., Pitt, D., Shinohara, R. T., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae013 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis
Krämer, J., Bar-Or, A., Turner, T. J., & Wiendl, H. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00800-7 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Metabolic Control of Astrocyte Pathogenic Activity via cPLA2-MAVS
Chao, C., Gutiérrez‐Vázquez, C., Rothhammer, V., Mayo, L., Wheeler, M. A., Tjon, E. C., Zandee, S., Blain, M., de Lima, K. A., Takenaka, M. C., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.016 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenicity of human antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Spadaro, M., Winklmeier, S., Beltrán, E., Macrini, C., Höftberger, R., Schuh, E., Thaler, F., Gerdes, L. A., Laurent, S. A., Gerhards, R., et al. (2018) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25291 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system
Höftberger, R., & Lassmann, H. (2017) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00019-5 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationFerroptosis promotes T-cell activation-induced neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
Luoqian, J., Yang, W., Ding, X., Tuo, Q., Xiang, Z., Zheng, Z., Guo, Y., Li, L., Guan, P., Ayton, S., et al. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-022-00883-0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Microglia in multiple sclerosis: protectors turn destroyers
Yong, V. W. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.023 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration
Kent, S. A., & Miron, V. E. (2024) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00907-4 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Dong, Y., D’Mello, C., Pinsky, W., Lozinski, B. M., Kaushik, D. K., Ghorbani, S., Moezzi, D., Brown, D., Melo, F. C., Zandee, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00801-z · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationB cells in central nervous system disease: diversity, locations and pathophysiology
Jain, R. W., & Yong, V. W. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00652-6 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Mass Cytometry Imaging for the Study of Human Diseases—Applications and Data Analysis Strategies
Baharlou, H., Canete, N. P., Cunningham, A. L., Harman, A. N., & Patrick, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02657 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
van Nierop, G. P., van Luijn, M. M., Michels, S. S., Melief, M.-J., Janssen, M., Langerak, A. W., Ouwendijk, W. J. D., Hintzen, R. Q., & Verjans, G. M. G. M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1744-4 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
Mey, G. M., Mahajan, K. R., & DeSilva, T. M. (2022) · WIREs Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1002/wsbm.1583 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Chu, F., Shi, M., Lang, Y., Shen, D., Jin, T., Zhu, J., & Cui, L. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/8168717 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression
Healy, L. M., Stratton, J. A., Kuhlmann, T., & Antel, J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00624-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting Microglia and Macrophages: A Potential Treatment Strategy for Multiple Sclerosis
Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, J., Yang, B., Weng, Q., & He, Q. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00286 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The physiology of foamy phagocytes in multiple sclerosis
Grajchen, E., Hendriks, J. J. A., & Bogie, J. F. J. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0628-8 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
van Wageningen, T. A., Vlaar, E., Kooij, G., Jongenelen, C. A. M., Geurts, J. J. G., & van Dam, A.-M. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0850-z · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The C-C Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and Their Receptor CCR4 in CNS Autoimmunity
Scheu, S., Ali, S., Ruland, C., Arolt, V., & Alferink, J. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18112306 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kamma, E., Lasisi, W. O., Libner, C. D., Ng, H. S., & Plemel, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02408-y · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Meningeal inflammation and cortical demyelination in acute multiple sclerosis
Bevan, R. J., Evans, R., Griffiths, L., Watkins, L. M., Rees, M. I., Magliozzi, R., Allen, I. V., McDonnell, G. V., Kee, R., Naughton, M., et al. (2018) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25365 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Rosa, F. L., Abdulkadir, A., Fartaria, M. J., Rahmanzadeh, R., Lu, P., Galbusera, R., Baraković, M., Thiran, J., Granziera, C., & Cuadra, M. B. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102335 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Hendrickx, D. A. E., van Scheppingen, J., van der Poel, M., Bossers, K., Schuurman, K. G., van Eden, C. G., Hol, E. M., Hamann, J., & Huitinga, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01810 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Malhotra, S., Costa, C., Eixarch, H., Keller, C. W., Amann, L., Martínez‐Banaclocha, H., Midaglia, L. S., Sarró, E., Machín-Díaz, I., Villar, L. M., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa084 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Lesion stage-dependent causes for impaired remyelination in MS
Heß, K., Starost, L. J., Kieran, N. W., Thomas, C., Vincenten, M. C. J., Antel, J. P., Martino, G., Huitinga, I., Healy, L. M., & Kuhlmann, T. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02189-9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T MRI
Absinta, M., Sati, P., Fechner, A., Schindler, M. K., Nair, G., & Reich, D. S. (2018) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5660 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
RIPK1 activation mediates neuroinflammation and disease progression in multiple sclerosis
Zelic, M., Pontarelli, F., Woodworth, L. A., Zhu, C., Mahan, A. L., Ren, Y., LaMorte, M. J., Gruber, R. C., Keane, A. M., Loring, P., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109112 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Resolution of inflammation during multiple sclerosis
Ruiz, F., Vigne, S., & Pot, C. (2019) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-019-00765-0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Neely, S. A., Williamson, J. M., Klingseisen, A., Zoupi, L., Early, J. J., Williams, A., & Lyons, D. A. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-01009-x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis - seeing what was always there
Matthews, P. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0240-y · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Cellular architecture of evolving neuroinflammatory lesions and multiple sclerosis pathology
Kukanja, P., Langseth, C. M., Rubio Rodríguez-Kirby, L. A., Agirre, E., Zheng, C., Raman, A., Yokota, C., Avenel, C., Tiklová, K., Guerreiro-Cacais, A. O., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.030 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration and demyelination in multiple sclerosis
Garton, T. P., Gadani, S. P., Gill, A. J., & Calabresi, P. A. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.025 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Rahmanzadeh, R., Lu, P., Baraković, M., Weigel, M., Maggi, P., Nguyen, T. D., Schiavi, S., Daducci, A., Rosa, F. L., Schaedelin, S. A., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab088 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: consequences for remyelination and disease progression
Klotz, L., Antel, J. P., & Kuhlmann, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00801-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationResearch on ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
Wang, Y., Lv, M.-N., & Zhao, W. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102035 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Roles and regulation of microglia activity in multiple sclerosis: insights from animal models
Distéfano‐Gagné, F., Bitarafan, S., Lacroix, S., & Gosselin, D. (2023) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI
Yendiki, A., Aggarwal, M., Axer, M., Howard, A. F. D., van Walsum, A. V. C., & Haber, S. N. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119146 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Chronic White Matter Inflammation and Serum Neurofilament Levels in Multiple Sclerosis
Maggi, P., Kühle, J., Schädelin, S., van der Meer, F., Weigel, M., Galbusera, R., Mathias, A., Lu, P., Rahmanzadeh, R., Benkert, P., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012326 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Staging of astrocytopathy and complement activation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Takai, Y., Misu, T., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, T., Okada, H., Tanaka, S., Okita, K., Sasou, S., Watanabe, M., Namatame, C., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab102 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular signature of slowly expanding lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis
Jäckle, K., Zeis, T., Schaeren‐Wiemers, N., Junker, A., van der Meer, F., Kramann, N., Stadelmann, C., & Brück, W. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa158 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationTeo, W., Caprariello, A. V., Morgan, M. L., Luchicchi, A., Schenk, G. J., Joseph, J. T., Geurts, J. J. G., & Stys, P. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016897118 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Sørensen, P. S., Sellebjerg, F. T., Hartung, H.-P., Montalbán, X., Comi, G., & Tintoré, M. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa145 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Neuronal loss, demyelination and volume change in the multiple sclerosis neocortex
Carassiti, D., Altmann, D. R., Petrova, N., Pakkenberg, B., Scaravilli, F., & Schmierer, K. (2017) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12405 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The role of TAM family receptors and ligands in the nervous system: From development to pathobiology
Shafit‐Zagardo, B., Gruber, R. C., & DuBois, J. C. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gillen, K. M., Mubarak, M., Nguyen, T. D., & Pitt, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00255 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Resolving the clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis
Chard, D., & Trip, S. A. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11932.1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mature myelin maintenance requires Qki to coactivate PPARβ-RXRα–mediated lipid metabolism
Zhou, X., He, C., Ren, J., Dai, C., Stevens, S. R., Wang, Q., Zamler, D. B., Shingu, T., Yuan, L., Chandregowda, C. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci131800 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis
Pitt, D., Lo, C. H., Gauthier, S. A., Hickman, R. A., Longbrake, E. E., Airas, L. M., Mao‐Draayer, Y., Riley, C., Jager, P. L. D., Wesley, S., et al. (2022) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Weider, M., Starost, L. J., Groll, K., Küspert, M., Sock, E., Wedel, M., Fröb, F., Schmitt, C., Baroti, T., Hartwig, A. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03336-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Advanced MRI Biomarker for Remyelinated Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis
Rahmanzadeh, R., Galbusera, R., Lu, P., Bahn, E., Weigel, M., Baraković, M., Franz, J., Nguyen, T. D., Spincemaille, P., Schiavi, S., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26441 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroRNA-223 protects neurons from degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Morquette, B., Juźwik, C. A., Drake, S., Charabati, M., Zhang, Y., Lécuyer, M., Galloway, D. A., Dumas, A., de Faria, O., Paradis-Isler, N., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz245 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiplexed imaging of immune cells in staged multiple sclerosis lesions by mass cytometry
Ramaglia, V., Sheikh‐Mohamed, S., Legg, K., Park, C., Rojas, O. L., Zandee, S., Fu, F., Ornatsky, O., Swanson, E. C., Pitt, D., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.48051 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationKwong, K. C. N. K., Mollison, D., Meijboom, R., York, E. N., Kampaite, A., Thrippleton, M. J., Chandran, S., & Waldman, A. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256845 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Calvi, A., Prados, F., Tur, C., Chard, D., Stutters, J., Angelis, F. D., John, N. A., Williams, T. E., Doshi, A., Samson, R. S., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200144 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells
Baaklini, C. S., Rawji, K. S., Duncan, G. J., Ho, M. F. S., & Plemel, J. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Starost, L., Lindner, M., Herold, M., Xu, Y. K. T., Drexler, H. C. A., Heß, K., Ehrlich, M., Ottoboni, L., Ruffini, F., Stehling, M., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02217-8 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationLopez, J. A., Denkova, M., Ramanathan, S., Dale, R. C., & Brilot, F. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1316 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lagumersindez-Denis, N., Wrzos, C., Mack, M., Winkler, A., van der Meer, F., Reinert, M., Hollasch, H., Flach, A., Brühl, H., Cullen, E., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1706-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo imaging of chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis
Calvi, A., Haider, L., Prados, F., Tur, C., Chard, D., & Barkhof, F. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520958589 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
SeXX Matters in Multiple Sclerosis
Gilli, F., DiSano, K. D., & Pachner, A. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00616 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neuropathological Variability within a Spectrum of NMDAR ‐Encephalitis
Zrzavy, T., Endmayr, V., Bauer, J., Macher, S., Mossaheb, N., Schwaiger, C., Ricken, G., Winklehner, M., Glatter, S., Breu, M., et al. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26223 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationCell type mapping reveals tissue niches and interactions in subcortical multiple sclerosis lesions
Lerma-Martin, C., Badia-i-Mompel, P., Ramirez Flores, R. O., Sekol, P., Schäfer, P. S. L., Riedl, C. J., Hofmann, A., Thäwel, T., Wünnemann, F., Ibarra-Arellano, M. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01796-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Previous tools for assessing MS pathology have focused on conventional histopathological techniques 10,11,24 , which are limited by the number of antibodies to distinguish cell types.”
Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation
van den Bosch, A. M. R., van der Poel, M., Fransen, N. L., Vincenten, M. C. J., Bobeldijk, A. M., Jongejan, A., Engelenburg, H. J., Moerland, P. D., Smolders, J., Huitinga, I., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46068-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Liu, X., Xin, D. E., Zhong, X., Zhao, C., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Dourson, A. J., Lee, L., Mishra, S. V., Bayat, A. E., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
7T MRI Differentiates Remyelinated from Demyelinated Multiple Sclerosis Lesions
Kolb, H., Absinta, M., Beck, E., Ha, S.-K., Song, Y., Norato, G., Cortese, I. C. M., Sati, P., Nair, G., & Reich, D. S. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26194 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Simkins, T., Duncan, G. J., & BOURDETTE, D. N. (2021) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-021-01110-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Modulation of P2X7 Receptor during Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
Amadio, S., Parisi, C., Piras, E., Fabbrizio, P., Apolloni, S., Montilli, C., Luchetti, S., Ruggieri, S., Gasperini, C., Pasini, F. L., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01529 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Paramagnetic Rim Sign in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome
Suthiphosuwan, S., Sati, P., Absinta, M., Guenette, M. D., Reich, D. S., Bharatha, A., & Oh, J. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0124 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Owen, J. E., Benediktsdóttir, B., Gíslason, Þ., & Robinson, S. R. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy199 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Potential biological contributers to the sex difference in multiple sclerosis progression
Álvarez‐Sánchez, N., & Dunn, S. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175874 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vincenti, I., Page, N., Steinbach, K., Yermanos, A., Lemeille, S., Nunez, N., Kreutzfeldt, M., Klimek, B., Di Liberto, G., Egervari, K., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6058 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Microglia Diversity in Health and Multiple Sclerosis
Zia, S., Rawji, K. S., Michaels, N. J., Burr, M. K., Kerr, B. J., Healy, L. M., & Plemel, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.588021 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Ins and Outs of Central Nervous System Inflammation—Lessons Learned from Multiple Sclerosis
Ramaglia, V., Rojas, O. L., Naouar, I., & Gommerman, J. L. (2021) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-124155 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kuhlmann, T., Ludwin, S., Prat, A., Antel, J., Brück, W., & Lassmann, H.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Münster (DE)
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CA)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Kuhlmann, Tanja
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2016-12-17
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-24
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2562977489
- Cited by
- 692
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 17 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 33.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB-TRR128 B-7, Ku1477/6-1)
- IZKF (KuT3/012/15)
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF Project I 2114-B27)
- CIHR; Quebec, FRQS
- CIHR, Quebec, FRQS
- BMBF, KKNMS
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, histological classification, demyelination, macrophages, microglia, active lesions, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, cortical pathology, remyelination, demyelinating disease, central nervous system lesions, neuropathology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Macrophages, Multiple Sclerosis, Microglia, White Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
