The estimated prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a German community sample
Abstract
Little research on the prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD has been conducted outside the United States. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a large representative sample of the German population aged 18-64 years (n = 1,655). Two self-rating screening instruments to assess childhood and adult ADHD symptomatology were used to estimate the prevalence of ADHD. A 4-item screening tool was used to assess probable cases of current depression and anxiety (Patient Health Questionnaire). The estimated crude prevalence rate of current ADHD was 4.7%. Adult ADHD was significantly associated with lower age, low educational level, unemployment, marital status (never married and divorced), and rural residency. No association was found with gender. Adult ADHD was strongly associated with positive screening results for depression and anxiety. ADHD is a common disorder of adulthood, is associated with significant social impairment and psychiatric co-morbidity, and should receive further research attention.
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Adult ADHD does rarely occur without other comorbid psychiatric symptoms and most adults with ADHD suffer from additional psychiatric disorders during their lifetime.
“Furthermore, adult ADHD does rarely occur without other comorbid psychiatric symptoms and most adults with ADHD suffer from additional psychiatric disorders during their lifetime (Simon et al. 2009; de Zwaan et al. 2012).”
From ADHD and associated psychopathology in older adults in a German community sample (2023) · cites this paper as de Zwaan et al. 2012
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- Authors
- de Zwaan, M., Gruß, B., Müller, A., Graap, H., Martin, A., Glaesmer, H., Hilbert, A., & Philipsen, A.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Philipsen, Alexandra
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-04-17
- Volume
- 262
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-86
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- OpenAlex
- W1963918749
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, ADHD prevalence, depression, anxiety, psychiatric comorbidity, educational attainment, unemployment, marital status, rural residence, German adults, screening tool
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Depression, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Residence Characteristics, Statistics as Topic, Prevalence, Young Adult
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