Cited by 167Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and related disorders

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Exercise as a synchroniser of human circadian rhythms: an update and discussion of the methodological problems

Atkinson, Greg, Edwards, Ben, Reilly, Thomas, Waterhouse, Jim·2007·European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Abstract

We review the literature on whether exercise is a synchroniser of human circadian rhythms, and highlight the specific methodological problems that are associated with this topic. In applied research, exercise has been investigated as a treatment for jet lag and shift-work problems. In these studies, there have been difficulties in controlling the characteristics of the exercise bout, the athletic status of research participants and exposure to other confounding synchronisers. Therefore, it is unclear at present whether exercise can help mitigate the problems associated with transmeridian travel and shift-work. In laboratory-based experiments, participants have exercised at various times of the day and the change in phase of various circadian rhythms has been measured. Although it is difficult to control for the considerable masking effects of exercise on these estimates of circadian timing, it is clear that nocturnal exercise can induce phase delays in the onset of melatonin. Reports of exercise-induced phase advances of the melatonin rhythm are rarer, as are any phase-shifting effects at all on the body temperature rhythm. In practical terms, the substantial levels of activity needed to obtain phase shifts may not be attainable by the majority of people. In mechanistic terms, the lack of agreement with the phase-shifting effects of bright light suggests that exercise is not exerting its effects via photic entrainment pathways. An alternative explanation may involve exercise-induced hyperthermia. Moreover, it is perplexing why exercise should have a different phase response curve to light, given that humans are diurnally active.

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Authors: Atkinson, G., Edwards, B., Reilly, T., & Waterhouse, J.
Affiliations: Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
Corresponding author: Atkinson, Greg
ORCID: Atkinson, Greg
Edwards, Ben
Reilly, Thomas
Venue: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-12-13
Volume: 99
Issue: 4
Pages: 331-341
ISSN: 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0361-z
OpenAlex: W2044407327
Cited by: 167
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 0.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
TeesRep (Teesside University) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: physical activity, circadian rhythm, phase shifting, melatonin onset, body temperature rhythm, jet lag, shift work, exercise-induced hyperthermia, light entrainment, phase response curve
MeSH terms: Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Physical Exertion, Humans, Melatonin, Models, Biological, Oscillometry, Exercise

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Exercise as a synchroniser of human circadian rhythms: an update and discussion of the methodological problems

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