Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light
Abstract
Since the first report in unicells, studies across diverse species have demonstrated that light is a powerful synchronizer which resets, in an intensity-dependent manner, endogenous circadian pacemakers. Although it is recognized that bright light (approximately 7,000 to 13,000 lux) is an effective circadian synchronizer in humans, it is widely believed that the human circadian pacemaker is insensitive to ordinary indoor illumination (approximately 50-300 lux). It has been proposed that the relationship between the resetting effect of light and its intensity follows a compressive nonlinear function, such that exposure to lower illuminances still exerts a robust effect. We therefore undertook a series of experiments which support this hypothesis and report here that light of even relatively low intensity (approximately 180 lux) significantly phase-shifts the human circadian pacemaker. Our results clearly demonstrate that humans are much more sensitive to light than initially suspected and support the conclusion that they are not qualitatively different from other mammals in their mechanism of circadian entrainment.
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The human circadian system is extremely sensitive to light.
“It should be pointed out that the human circadian system, however, is extremely sensitive to light [116, 117], and since ambient light levels during waking episodes in these experiments were kept at <100 lux, the phase shifting effects of light exposure on these rhythms cannot be excluded.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [116]
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- Authors
- Boivin, D. B., Duffy, J. F., Kronauer, R. E., & Czeisler, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1996-02
- Volume
- 379
- Issue
- 6565
- Pages
- 540-542
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2072214097
- Cited by
- 559
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- circadian clock, light exposure, phase shift, circadian entrainment, light intensity, dose-response relationship, indoor lighting, photosensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Humans, Light, Male
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